Migrant Smuggling Data and Research

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Data on smuggling of asylum seekers and refugees Just as estimates of irregular migrant populations can provide an indication of migrant smuggling flows, UNHCR data provides useful insights into migrant smuggling routes to, within and through the region. This data can also help identify smuggling patterns and changes in smuggling dynamics, as well as potential smuggling “hotspots” that could be preemptively addressed through multifaceted policy interventions aimed at addressing underlying causes (such as reducing inter-ethnic violence in specific communities), not just counter-smuggling activities. Asylum seeker application statistics, which indicate movements possibly (or in some cases undoubtedly) involving migrant smuggling, are especially valuable in this respect (see Table 9.4). Statistics on refugee populations (including those in refugee-like situations), as well as internally displaced and stateless populations, can also highlight populations at risk of migrant smuggling. 224 9. South-East Asia and Australia
Table 9.4: At-risk populations in the region: Refugees, asylum seekers, internally displaced and stateless persons, 2014 As a receiving country Internal at-risk populations As an origin country Refugees (1) Asylum seekers Total Internally displaced Stateless Total Refugees (1) Asylumseekers Australia 55,598 22,745 78,343 – – – 25 6 31 Brunei – – – – 20,524 20,524 1 1 2 Darussalam Cambodia 63 40 103 – – – 13,062 263 13,325 Indonesia 4,270 6,916 11,186 – – – 14,408 1,773 16,181 Lao People’s – – – – – – 7,482 117 7,599 Democratic Republic Malaysia (2) 99,381 51,240 150,621 – 40,000 40,000 468 957 1,425 Myanmar – – – 376,500 810,000 1,186,500 479,001 51,347 530,348 Philippines (2) 222 109 331 142,430 6,370 148,800 668 1,118 1,786 Singapore 3 – 3 – – – 59 38 97 Thailand 130,238 7,931 138,169 – 506,197 506,197 231 413 644 Timor-Leste – – – – – – 13 10 23 Viet Nam – – – – 11,000 11,000 313,418 3,140 316,558 Total 378,756 1,913,021 888,019 Source: UNHCR, 2015. Notes: (1) Refugees include persons in refugee-like situations. (2) Figures do not include 80,000 Filipino Muslims currently in Malaysia without status, and as reported in the “other” category in UNHCR’s Global Trends 2014. Migrant Smuggling Data and Research: A global review of the emerging evidence base 225
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Migrant Smuggling Data and Research
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Migrant Smuggling Data and Research
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on migrant smuggling and irregular
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Trafficking (UN.GIFT) and a member
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Marie McAuliffe is the newly appoin
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Ramesh Sunman is a research officer
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1 REPORT OVERVIEW Marie McAuliffe a
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disrupt the activities of migrant s
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Financial motives are central to th
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Complexities of smuggling Part of t
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physical and mental harm, and somet
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Probably the best data available re
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Finally, it could be argued that co
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(chapter 2), grey literature “ref
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on aspects of migrant smuggling, in
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References commonplace than is read
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International Organization for Migr
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Regional Mixed Migration Secretaria
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Introduction 2 WEST AND CENTRAL AFR
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Map 2.1: Map of West and Central Af
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distances in sparsely populated are
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down by nationality. 6 These entrie
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Figure 2.1: Asylum applications lau
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qualitative data often contain deta
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Investigative journalism A substant
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and terrorism are mentioned in the
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Ethnographic research and policy re
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Conclusion and ways forward Migrati
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Altai Consulting 2013 Mixed Migrati
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2007b Unauthorized migration from A
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Global Initiative Against Transnati
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Marie, C.-V. 2004 Preventing Illega
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Triulzi, A. 2013 “Like a plate of
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Table 3.1: Signatories of the Proto
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smuggling, most of which focus on S
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Somalia, Eritrea, Ethiopia and Djib
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Smuggler services and networks The
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not view themselves as victims of a
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to air travel. Although travelling
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identified along the routes to the
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collecting data on irregular migrat
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Remaining data available online inc
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informant interviews and in-depth i
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• Risk of abduction and trafficki
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human trafficking, but also inform
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De Regt, M. and M. Tafesse 2015 Dep
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2013a Health Vulnerabilities Study
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United Nations High Commissioner fo
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Mediterranean routes passing throug
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The dynamics of smuggling As seen i
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Key locations There is much to sugg
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smuggler once in the destination co
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increased between 2014 and 2015, wh
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Figure 4.2: Irregular arrivals on t
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In terms of research focused on smu
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perspective of the migration dynami
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Global Initiative against Transnati
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Reitano, T., L. Adal and M. Shaw 20
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of Unauthorized Entry and Residence
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(c) Eastern Mediterranean route, fr
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nationals of UNSC resolution 1244-a
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Figure 5.1: Smuggling routes into a
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Travel by air through falsified doc
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Czech Republic, for instance, do no
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Next to the lack of comparable and
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of Austria (FPG), n.d.; Federal Act
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smuggling within the wider frame of
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critique, as the overall number rem
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Inadequate attention is currently a
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Bilger, V., M. Hoffmann and M. Jand
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Europol 2011 Illegal immigrant smug
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Harding, L. (and agencies) 2015 Hun
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Médecins sans Frontières (MSF) 20
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Legislation 2004 Federal Aliens Law
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What makes migrant smuggling more c
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In recent years, Turkey has also ma
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Although the apprehension statistic
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Figure 6.1: Migrant routes in the M
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Review of data on migrant smuggling
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The Turkish Criminal Code (Article
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Regarding mixed survey methods usin
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4 April 2016 in line with the bilat
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Baldwin-Edwards, M. 2006 Between a
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İçduygu, A. and D.B. Aksel 2012 I
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Kirişçi, K. 2003 The Question of
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Wissink, M., F. Düvell and A. van
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esponse to the demand for migration
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(though it should be noted that a c
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Map 7.1: Afghan migration flows to
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emaining relatives with remittances
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Services to Europe include meetings
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Sediqqi said.” This discourse ill
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Page 196 and 197: Department of Immigration and Citiz
Page 198 and 199: Koser, K. and P. Marsden 2013 Migra
Page 200 and 201: Triandafyllidou, A. and T. Maroukis
Page 202 and 203: In destination countries, migrant s
Page 204 and 205: Overview of migrant smuggling in th
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Page 208 and 209: Costs to migrants Financial costs o
Page 210 and 211: Figure 8.3: Smuggling as a set of b
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Page 220 and 221: Davin, E. and N. Majidi 2009 Study
Page 222 and 223: McAuliffe, M. 2013 Seeking the view
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Page 248 and 249: Barron, L. and W. Lone 2015 Myanmar
Page 250 and 251: MacKinnon, I. 2008 54 Burmese migra
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Page 271 and 272: not to be dominant in the region. N
Page 273 and 274: Human Rights Watch 2002 The Invisib
Page 275 and 276: Lohman, D. 1996 North Korea: A Pote
Page 277 and 278: n.d. Voluntary Reporting System on
Page 279 and 280: 庄国土 1997 对近 20 年来
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Page 284 and 285: travel documents from friends and f
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journalistic reports suggest many o
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Some Cuban nationals and residents
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north, but also within the continen
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migration flows. In terms of offici
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esearch has also emerged on the top
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the region in a fashion that may al
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migratory corridor. Brigden (2015)
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security mechanisms, efforts to eng
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Casillas, R. 2007 Una Vida Discreta
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Evans, M. and J. Franzblau (eds.) 2
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Jackson, J. 2015 Crossing the Darie
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Moreno Mena, J.A. and L. Niño Cont
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Robinson, B. 2010 Smuggled Masses:
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2013 Children on the Run: Unaccompa
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12 THE UNITED STATES Sheldon X. Zha
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a long history of admitting large n
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During the 1980 and 1990s, Chinese
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Migrant smuggling in San Diego San
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Mexican Migration Project (MMP) Sur
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Migration, either regular or irregu
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Once migrant smuggling is framed as
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In a market environment where goods
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Most policymakers as well as border
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Cornelius, W.A. and J.M. Lewis (eds
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Roberts, B. et al. 2010 An Analysis
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17 route des Morillons, P.O. Box 17
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Migrant Smuggling Data and Research

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