Migrant Smuggling Data and Research

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2013a Health Vulnerabilities Study of Mixed Migration Flows from the East and Horn of Africa and the Great Lakes Region to Southern Africa: Executive Summary Findings from the Formative Stage. IOM, Geneva. Available from https://publications.iom.int/system/files/ pdf/migration_health_study_finalweb.pdf 2013b Migration in Uganda: A Rapid Country Profile. IOM, Kampala, Uganda. Available from https://publications.iom.int/system/files/ pdf/mp_uganda_25feb2015_web.pdf 2014a Migration Initiatives 2015: Regional Strategies, Migrants and Cities. IOM, Geneva. Available from http://publications.iom.int/system/ files/pdf/migration_initiatives2015.pdf 2014b Dimensions of Crisis on Migration in Somalia, Working Paper, February 2014. IOM, Geneva. Available from www.iom.int/files/live/ sites/iom/files/Country/docs/Dimensions-of-Crisis-on-Migration-in- Somalia.pdf 2015 Migration in Kenya: A Country Profile. IOM, Nairobi. Available from https://publications.iom.int/system/files/pdf/migration_profile_ kenya.pdf Jubat, A. 2014 Red flag over Sh90 million human smuggling racket through Kenya- Ethiopia border. Standard Digital News, 2 December 2015. Available from www.standardmedia.co.ke/article/2000140856/red-flag-oversh90m-human-smuggling-racket-through-kenya-ethiopia-border Kuschminder, K., J. de Bresser and M. Siegel 2015 Irregular Migration Routes to Europe and Factors Influencing Migrant’s Destination Choices. Maastricht Graduate School of Governance, Maastricht University, Maastricht. Long, K. and J. Crisp 2011 In harm’s way: the irregular movement of migrants to Southern Africa from the Horn and Great Lakes regions. New issues in refugee research, Research paper no. 200. United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), Geneva. Mail and Guardian Africa 2015 EU will pay African countries to take their migrants back: new $2 billion ‘trust fund’ for continent announced. 8 November 2015. Available from http://mgafrica.com/article/2015-11-08-eu-turns-toafrican-leaders-to-stem-migrant-crisis 82 3. East Africa
Martin, I. and S. Bonfanti 2015 Migration and asylum challenges in Eastern Africa: mixed migration flows require dual policy approaches. Migration Policy Centre. DOI:10.2870/701596. Ramkishun, M. 2015 Border resident communities – New hiding places for migrant smugglers. 23 February 2015. Available from https://weblog.iom. int/border-resident-communities-new-hiding-places-migrantsmugglers Regional Mixed Migration Secretariat (RMMS) 2013 Migrant Smuggling in the Horn of Africa and Yemen: The Political Economy and Protection Risks. Mixed Migration Research Series No. 7. RMMS, Nairobi. 2014a Going West: Contemporary mixed migration trends from the Horn of Africa to Libya and Europe. RMMS, Nairobi. 2014b Blinded by Hope: Knowledge, attitude and practices of Ethiopian migrants. RMMS, Nairobi. 2015 A Certain Catalyst: an overview of the (mixed) migration and development debate with special focus on the Horn of Africa region. RMMS, Nairobi. 2016 4Mi website. Available from http://4mi.regionalmms.org/ Sahan Foundation and Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD) Security Sector Program 2016 Human Trafficking and Smuggling on the Horn of Africa-Central Mediterranean Route. Samuel Hall 2010 A long and winding road: Background paper for Regional Conference on Refugee Protection and International Migration: Mixed Movements and Irregular Migration from the East and Horn of Africa and Great Lakes Region to Southern Africa. Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, September 2010. Available from www.unhcr.org/4c7fa45b6.pdf 2014 Living Out of Camp: Alternatives to camp-based assistance for Eritrean refugees in Ethiopia. Commissioned by the Norwegian Refugee Council. 2015 Returns to Somalia: Assessment of DRC’s AVRR Pilot Programme to Mogadishu, commissioned by the Danish Refugee Council and funded by the Norwegian Immigration Directorate (UDI). UNHCR and IOM. Migrant Smuggling Data and Research: A global review of the emerging evidence base 83
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Migrant Smuggling Data and Research
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Migrant Smuggling Data and Research
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on migrant smuggling and irregular
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Trafficking (UN.GIFT) and a member
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Marie McAuliffe is the newly appoin
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Ramesh Sunman is a research officer
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1 REPORT OVERVIEW Marie McAuliffe a
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disrupt the activities of migrant s
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Financial motives are central to th
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Complexities of smuggling Part of t
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physical and mental harm, and somet
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Probably the best data available re
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Finally, it could be argued that co
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(chapter 2), grey literature “ref
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on aspects of migrant smuggling, in
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References commonplace than is read
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International Organization for Migr
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Regional Mixed Migration Secretaria
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Introduction 2 WEST AND CENTRAL AFR
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Map 2.1: Map of West and Central Af
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distances in sparsely populated are
Page 45 and 46: down by nationality. 6 These entrie
Page 47 and 48: Figure 2.1: Asylum applications lau
Page 49 and 50: qualitative data often contain deta
Page 51 and 52: Investigative journalism A substant
Page 53 and 54: and terrorism are mentioned in the
Page 55 and 56: Ethnographic research and policy re
Page 57 and 58: Conclusion and ways forward Migrati
Page 59 and 60: Altai Consulting 2013 Mixed Migrati
Page 61 and 62: 2007b Unauthorized migration from A
Page 63 and 64: Global Initiative Against Transnati
Page 65 and 66: Marie, C.-V. 2004 Preventing Illega
Page 67: Triulzi, A. 2013 “Like a plate of
Page 70 and 71: Table 3.1: Signatories of the Proto
Page 72 and 73: smuggling, most of which focus on S
Page 74 and 75: Somalia, Eritrea, Ethiopia and Djib
Page 76 and 77: Smuggler services and networks The
Page 78 and 79: not view themselves as victims of a
Page 80 and 81: to air travel. Although travelling
Page 82 and 83: identified along the routes to the
Page 84 and 85: collecting data on irregular migrat
Page 86 and 87: Remaining data available online inc
Page 88 and 89: informant interviews and in-depth i
Page 90 and 91: • Risk of abduction and trafficki
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Page 94 and 95: De Regt, M. and M. Tafesse 2015 Dep
Page 98 and 99: United Nations High Commissioner fo
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Page 102 and 103: The dynamics of smuggling As seen i
Page 104 and 105: Key locations There is much to sugg
Page 106 and 107: smuggler once in the destination co
Page 108 and 109: increased between 2014 and 2015, wh
Page 110 and 111: Figure 4.2: Irregular arrivals on t
Page 112 and 113: In terms of research focused on smu
Page 114 and 115: perspective of the migration dynami
Page 116 and 117: Global Initiative against Transnati
Page 118 and 119: Reitano, T., L. Adal and M. Shaw 20
Page 120 and 121: of Unauthorized Entry and Residence
Page 122 and 123: (c) Eastern Mediterranean route, fr
Page 124 and 125: nationals of UNSC resolution 1244-a
Page 126 and 127: Figure 5.1: Smuggling routes into a
Page 128 and 129: Travel by air through falsified doc
Page 130 and 131: Czech Republic, for instance, do no
Page 132 and 133: Next to the lack of comparable and
Page 134 and 135: of Austria (FPG), n.d.; Federal Act
Page 136 and 137: smuggling within the wider frame of
Page 138 and 139: critique, as the overall number rem
Page 140 and 141: Inadequate attention is currently a
Page 142 and 143: Bilger, V., M. Hoffmann and M. Jand
Page 144 and 145: Europol 2011 Illegal immigrant smug
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Harding, L. (and agencies) 2015 Hun
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Médecins sans Frontières (MSF) 20
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Legislation 2004 Federal Aliens Law
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What makes migrant smuggling more c
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In recent years, Turkey has also ma
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Although the apprehension statistic
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Figure 6.1: Migrant routes in the M
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Review of data on migrant smuggling
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The Turkish Criminal Code (Article
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Regarding mixed survey methods usin
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4 April 2016 in line with the bilat
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Baldwin-Edwards, M. 2006 Between a
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İçduygu, A. and D.B. Aksel 2012 I
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Kirişçi, K. 2003 The Question of
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Wissink, M., F. Düvell and A. van
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esponse to the demand for migration
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(though it should be noted that a c
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Map 7.1: Afghan migration flows to
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emaining relatives with remittances
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Services to Europe include meetings
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Sediqqi said.” This discourse ill
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in Quetta 75 was specifically on tr
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• Number of departures from Afgha
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of government-funded research on mo
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First, serious thought needs to be
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Department of Immigration and Citiz
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Koser, K. and P. Marsden 2013 Migra
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Triandafyllidou, A. and T. Maroukis
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In destination countries, migrant s
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Overview of migrant smuggling in th
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Some irregular migrants from Bangla
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Costs to migrants Financial costs o
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Figure 8.3: Smuggling as a set of b
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Ultimately, the data that is collec
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Review of migrant smuggling researc
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(2012) investigated “entrepreneur
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the spike in irregular migration fr
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Davin, E. and N. Majidi 2009 Study
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McAuliffe, M. 2013 Seeking the view
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United Nations High Commissioner fo
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This conceptualization has been evi
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The growing profile of migrant smug
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For example, Malaysia currently hos
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Lyneham, 2014). The following case
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The summary of data contained in th
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The transnational criminal focus ap
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Data on smuggling of asylum seekers
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Data on abuse, exploitation and dea
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Given extremely limited household i
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Australia. The remaining research w
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elsewhere in the region appears to
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Barron, L. and W. Lone 2015 Myanmar
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MacKinnon, I. 2008 54 Burmese migra
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United Nations Office of Drugs and
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A.T. Gallagher (2015), “Exploitat
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10 NORTH-EAST ASIA Jiyoung Song Int
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The following sections provide the
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Figure 10:1: Destination countries
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a three-tiered structure: (a) “bi
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Problems with accessibility Given t
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smugglers as criminals have evolved
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2003; Li, 2012; Silverstone, 2011).
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not to be dominant in the region. N
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Human Rights Watch 2002 The Invisib
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Lohman, D. 1996 North Korea: A Pote
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n.d. Voluntary Reporting System on
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庄国土 1997 对近 20 年来
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李琦 . 2011 吉林中朝边
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travel documents from friends and f
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and 2011). This chapter provides an
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journalistic reports suggest many o
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Some Cuban nationals and residents
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north, but also within the continen
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migration flows. In terms of offici
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esearch has also emerged on the top
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the region in a fashion that may al
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migratory corridor. Brigden (2015)
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security mechanisms, efforts to eng
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Casillas, R. 2007 Una Vida Discreta
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Evans, M. and J. Franzblau (eds.) 2
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Jackson, J. 2015 Crossing the Darie
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Moreno Mena, J.A. and L. Niño Cont
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Robinson, B. 2010 Smuggled Masses:
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2013 Children on the Run: Unaccompa
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12 THE UNITED STATES Sheldon X. Zha
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a long history of admitting large n
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During the 1980 and 1990s, Chinese
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Migrant smuggling in San Diego San
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Mexican Migration Project (MMP) Sur
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Migration, either regular or irregu
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Once migrant smuggling is framed as
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In a market environment where goods
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Most policymakers as well as border
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Cornelius, W.A. and J.M. Lewis (eds
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Roberts, B. et al. 2010 An Analysis
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17 route des Morillons, P.O. Box 17
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