Migrant Smuggling Data and Research

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Europol 2011 Illegal immigrant smugglers suffer major blow. Press release, 23 November. Available from www.europol.europa.eu/content/press/ illegal-immigrant-smugglers-suffer-major-blow-1201 2012a France, Greece, Belgium and UK smash people-smuggling ring during coordinated action. Press release, 17 February. Available from www. europol.europa.eu/content/press/france-greece-belgium-and-uksmash-people-smuggling-ring-during-coordinated-action-133 2012b Europol supports successful cooperation between Austria and Hungary against illegal migration. Press release, 13 December. Available from www.europol.europa.eu/node/1893 2013 Successful action against people smuggling and illegal immigration. Press release, 18 December. Available from www.europol.europa. eu/content/successful-action-against-people-smuggling-illegalimmigration-0 2014 Yachts used to smuggle people into the UK. Press release, 19 June. Available from www.europol.europa.eu/content/yachts-usedsmuggle-people-uk 2015a Chinese network of people smugglers dismantled with Europol’s support. Press release, 12 October. Available from www.europol. europa.eu/newsletter/chinese-network-people-smugglersdismantled-europol%E2%80%99s-support 2015b Hit on migrant smuggling and human trafficking ring operating via the Mediterranean. Press release, 3 November. Available from www. europol.europa.eu/content/hit-migrant-smuggling-and-humantrafficking-ring-operating-mediterranean 2016 Migrant smuggling in the EU. Europol Public Information. Available from www.europol.europa.eu/sites/default/files/publications/ migrant_smuggling__europol_report_2016.pdf Fargues, P. 2014 Europe Must Take on its Share of the Syrian Refugee Burden, but How? Migration Policy Centre Research Report (MPC RR) 2014/01. Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies, San Domenico di Fiesole (FI), European University Institute. Available from http:// cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/29919/MPC_PB_2014_01. pdf?sequence=3&isAllowed=y Fargues, P. and C. Fandrich 2012 Migration after the Arab Spring. MPC RR 2012/09. Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies, San Domenico di Fiesole (FI), European University Institute. Available from http://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/ handle/1814/23504/MPCRR-2012-09.pdf?sequence=1 130 5. Europe
Federal Criminal Police Office (Bundeskriminalamt) of Austria (BMI) 2014 Schlepperei 2014, Annual report on migrant smuggling (in German). BMI, Vienna. Available from www.bmi.gv.at/cms/BK/presse/ files/2042015_Schlepperbericht_2014_Web.pdf Federal Criminal Police Office (Bundeskriminalamt) of Germany (BKA) 2014 Bundeslagebild Schleusungskriminalität 2014, Annual report on migrant smuggling (in German). Available from www.bka.de/ nn_193314/DE/Publikationen/JahresberichteUndLagebilder/ Schleusungskriminalitaet/schleusungskriminalitaet__node.html?__ nnn=true Federal Police of Switzerland 2014 Gewerbsmaessiger Menschenschmuggel und die Schweiz. Swiss Confederation. Annual Report. Available from www.fedpol.admin. ch/dam/data/fedpol/publiservice/publikationen/berichte/jabe/ jabe-2014-stat-d.pdf Frontex 2016a Risk Analysis for 2016, Annual Report. Available from http:// frontex.europa.eu/assets/Publications/Risk_Analysis/Annula_Risk_ Analysis_2016.pdf 2016b Eastern Mediterranean route. Available from http://frontex.europa. eu/trends-and-routes/eastern-mediterranean-route/ 2016c Central Mediterranean route. Available from http://frontex.europa. eu/trends-and-routes/central-mediterranean-route/ 2016d Western Mediterranean route. Available from http://frontex. europa.eu/trends-and-routes/eastern-borders-route/ 2016e Eastern Borders route. Available from http://frontex.europa.eu/ trends-and-routes/eastern-borders-route/ 2016f Western Balkan route. Available from http://frontex.europa.eu/ trends-and-routes/western-balkan-route/ n.d. Migratory routes map. Available from http://frontex.europa.eu/ trends-and-routes/migratory-routes-map/ Futó, P., M. Jandl and L. Karsakova 2005 Illegal Migration and Human Smuggling in Central and Eastern Europe. Migracijske i etničke teme, 21(1–2):35–54. Migrant Smuggling Data and Research: A global review of the emerging evidence base 131
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Migrant Smuggling Data and Research
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Migrant Smuggling Data and Research
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on migrant smuggling and irregular
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Trafficking (UN.GIFT) and a member
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Marie McAuliffe is the newly appoin
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Ramesh Sunman is a research officer
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1 REPORT OVERVIEW Marie McAuliffe a
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disrupt the activities of migrant s
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Financial motives are central to th
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Complexities of smuggling Part of t
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physical and mental harm, and somet
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Probably the best data available re
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Finally, it could be argued that co
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(chapter 2), grey literature “ref
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on aspects of migrant smuggling, in
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References commonplace than is read
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International Organization for Migr
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Regional Mixed Migration Secretaria
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Introduction 2 WEST AND CENTRAL AFR
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Map 2.1: Map of West and Central Af
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distances in sparsely populated are
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down by nationality. 6 These entrie
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Figure 2.1: Asylum applications lau
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qualitative data often contain deta
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Investigative journalism A substant
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and terrorism are mentioned in the
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Ethnographic research and policy re
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Conclusion and ways forward Migrati
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Altai Consulting 2013 Mixed Migrati
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2007b Unauthorized migration from A
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Global Initiative Against Transnati
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Marie, C.-V. 2004 Preventing Illega
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Triulzi, A. 2013 “Like a plate of
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Table 3.1: Signatories of the Proto
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smuggling, most of which focus on S
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Somalia, Eritrea, Ethiopia and Djib
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Smuggler services and networks The
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not view themselves as victims of a
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to air travel. Although travelling
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identified along the routes to the
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collecting data on irregular migrat
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Remaining data available online inc
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informant interviews and in-depth i
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• Risk of abduction and trafficki
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human trafficking, but also inform
Page 94 and 95: De Regt, M. and M. Tafesse 2015 Dep
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Page 102 and 103: The dynamics of smuggling As seen i
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Page 110 and 111: Figure 4.2: Irregular arrivals on t
Page 112 and 113: In terms of research focused on smu
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Page 116 and 117: Global Initiative against Transnati
Page 118 and 119: Reitano, T., L. Adal and M. Shaw 20
Page 120 and 121: of Unauthorized Entry and Residence
Page 122 and 123: (c) Eastern Mediterranean route, fr
Page 124 and 125: nationals of UNSC resolution 1244-a
Page 126 and 127: Figure 5.1: Smuggling routes into a
Page 128 and 129: Travel by air through falsified doc
Page 130 and 131: Czech Republic, for instance, do no
Page 132 and 133: Next to the lack of comparable and
Page 134 and 135: of Austria (FPG), n.d.; Federal Act
Page 136 and 137: smuggling within the wider frame of
Page 138 and 139: critique, as the overall number rem
Page 140 and 141: Inadequate attention is currently a
Page 142 and 143: Bilger, V., M. Hoffmann and M. Jand
Page 146 and 147: Harding, L. (and agencies) 2015 Hun
Page 148 and 149: Médecins sans Frontières (MSF) 20
Page 150 and 151: Legislation 2004 Federal Aliens Law
Page 152 and 153: What makes migrant smuggling more c
Page 154 and 155: In recent years, Turkey has also ma
Page 156 and 157: Although the apprehension statistic
Page 158 and 159: Figure 6.1: Migrant routes in the M
Page 160 and 161: Review of data on migrant smuggling
Page 162 and 163: The Turkish Criminal Code (Article
Page 164 and 165: Regarding mixed survey methods usin
Page 166 and 167: 4 April 2016 in line with the bilat
Page 168 and 169: Baldwin-Edwards, M. 2006 Between a
Page 170 and 171: İçduygu, A. and D.B. Aksel 2012 I
Page 172 and 173: Kirişçi, K. 2003 The Question of
Page 174 and 175: Wissink, M., F. Düvell and A. van
Page 176 and 177: esponse to the demand for migration
Page 178 and 179: (though it should be noted that a c
Page 180 and 181: Map 7.1: Afghan migration flows to
Page 182 and 183: emaining relatives with remittances
Page 184 and 185: Services to Europe include meetings
Page 186 and 187: Sediqqi said.” This discourse ill
Page 188 and 189: in Quetta 75 was specifically on tr
Page 190 and 191: • Number of departures from Afgha
Page 192 and 193: of government-funded research on mo
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First, serious thought needs to be
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Department of Immigration and Citiz
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Koser, K. and P. Marsden 2013 Migra
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Triandafyllidou, A. and T. Maroukis
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In destination countries, migrant s
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Overview of migrant smuggling in th
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Some irregular migrants from Bangla
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Costs to migrants Financial costs o
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Figure 8.3: Smuggling as a set of b
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Ultimately, the data that is collec
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Review of migrant smuggling researc
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(2012) investigated “entrepreneur
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the spike in irregular migration fr
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Davin, E. and N. Majidi 2009 Study
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McAuliffe, M. 2013 Seeking the view
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United Nations High Commissioner fo
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This conceptualization has been evi
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The growing profile of migrant smug
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For example, Malaysia currently hos
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Lyneham, 2014). The following case
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The summary of data contained in th
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The transnational criminal focus ap
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Data on smuggling of asylum seekers
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Data on abuse, exploitation and dea
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Given extremely limited household i
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Australia. The remaining research w
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elsewhere in the region appears to
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Barron, L. and W. Lone 2015 Myanmar
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MacKinnon, I. 2008 54 Burmese migra
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United Nations Office of Drugs and
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A.T. Gallagher (2015), “Exploitat
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10 NORTH-EAST ASIA Jiyoung Song Int
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The following sections provide the
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Figure 10:1: Destination countries
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a three-tiered structure: (a) “bi
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Problems with accessibility Given t
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smugglers as criminals have evolved
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2003; Li, 2012; Silverstone, 2011).
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not to be dominant in the region. N
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Human Rights Watch 2002 The Invisib
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Lohman, D. 1996 North Korea: A Pote
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n.d. Voluntary Reporting System on
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庄国土 1997 对近 20 年来
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李琦 . 2011 吉林中朝边
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travel documents from friends and f
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and 2011). This chapter provides an
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journalistic reports suggest many o
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Some Cuban nationals and residents
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north, but also within the continen
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migration flows. In terms of offici
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esearch has also emerged on the top
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the region in a fashion that may al
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migratory corridor. Brigden (2015)
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security mechanisms, efforts to eng
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Casillas, R. 2007 Una Vida Discreta
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Evans, M. and J. Franzblau (eds.) 2
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Jackson, J. 2015 Crossing the Darie
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Moreno Mena, J.A. and L. Niño Cont
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Robinson, B. 2010 Smuggled Masses:
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2013 Children on the Run: Unaccompa
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12 THE UNITED STATES Sheldon X. Zha
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a long history of admitting large n
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During the 1980 and 1990s, Chinese
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Migrant smuggling in San Diego San
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Mexican Migration Project (MMP) Sur
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Migration, either regular or irregu
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Once migrant smuggling is framed as
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In a market environment where goods
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Most policymakers as well as border
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Cornelius, W.A. and J.M. Lewis (eds
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Roberts, B. et al. 2010 An Analysis
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17 route des Morillons, P.O. Box 17
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