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REFERENCES 411<br />
148. Lasich J et al., Proc. First World Conference on Photovoltaic Energy Conversion, 1938–1941<br />
(1994).<br />
149. Kurtz S, McConnell R, Compound Semicond. 7, 82, 83 (2001).<br />
150. Terao A et al., Proc. 28 th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference, 1416 (2000).<br />
151. Rumyantsev V et al., Proc. 28 th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference, 1169 (2000).<br />
152. Myers D et al., Proc. 28 th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference, 1202 (2000).<br />
153. McMahon W, Kurtz S, Emery K, Young M, Proc. 29 th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference<br />
931–934 (2002).
REFERENCES 411 148. Lasich J et al., Proc. First World Conference on Photovoltaic Energy Conversion, 1938–1941 (1994). 149. Kurtz S, McConnell R, Compound Semicond. 7, 82, 83 (2001). 150. Terao A et al., Proc. 28 th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference, 1416 (2000). 151. Rumyantsev V et al., Proc. 28 th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference, 1169 (2000). 152. Myers D et al., Proc. 28 th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference, 1202 (2000). 153. McMahon W, Kurtz S, Emery K, Young M, Proc. 29 th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference 931–934 (2002).
10 Space Solar Cells and Arrays Sheila Bailey 1 and Ryne Raffaelle 2 1 NASA Glenn Research Center, Cleveland, OH, USA, 2 Department of Physics, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, USA 10.1 THE HISTORY OF SPACE SOLAR CELLS 10.1.1 Vanguard I to Deep Space I In the mid 1950s, the development of single-crystal photovoltaic (PV) solar cells based on Si, as well as GaAs, had reached solar conversion efficiencies as high as 6% [1, 2]. By 1958, small-area silicon solar cells had reached an efficiency of 14% under terrestrial sunlight. These accomplishments opened the door to the possibility of utilizing solar power on board a spacecraft. On March 17, 1958 the world’s first solar-powered satellite was launched, Vanguard I [3]. It carried two separate radio transmitters to transmit scientific and engineering data concerning, among other things, performance and lifetime of the 48 p/n silicon solar cells on its exterior. The battery powered transmitter operated for only 20 days, but the solar cell powered transmitter operated until 1964, at which time it is believed that the transmitter circuitry failed. Setting a record for satellite longevity, Vanguard I proved the merit of space solar cell power. The solar cells used on Vanguard I were fabricated by Hoffman Electronics for the US Army Signal Research and Development Laboratory at Fort Monmouth. In 1961, many of the staff from the silicon cell program at Fort Monmouth transferred to the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), Lewis Research Center (now Glenn Research Center) in Cleveland, Ohio. From that time to the present, the Photovoltaic Branch at Glenn has served as the research and development base for NASA’s solar power needs. Impressed by the light weight and the reliability of photovoltaics, almost all communication satellites, military satellites, and scientific space probes have been solar-powered. It should be noted that the history presented here focuses on the United States space program. NASA was created in 1958; the Institute of Space and Astronautical Sciences (ISAS) and the National Space Development Agency (NASDA) in Japan were created in 1965 and 1969, respectively; Handbook of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering. Edited by A. Luque and S. Hegedus © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd ISBN: 0-471-49196-9
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Handbook of Photovoltaic Science an
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We dedicate this book to all those
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xxiv LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS Phone: +1
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xxvi LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS 28040 Mad
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Contents List of Contributors xxiii
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CONTENTS ix 4.3.1 The Balance Equat
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CONTENTS xi 7.4 Manufacturing Proce
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CONTENTS xiii 9.8 Future-generation
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CONTENTS xv 12.1.2 Designs for Amor
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CONTENTS xvii 14.3.3 CdS/CdTe Inter
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CONTENTS xix 18.2.2 Batteries with
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CONTENTS xxi 22.2 PV in Architectur
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1 Status, Trends, Challenges and th
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WHAT IS PHOTOVOLTAICS? 3 1.2 WHAT I
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SIX MYTHS OF PHOTOVOLTAICS 5 Sunlig
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SIX MYTHS OF PHOTOVOLTAICS 7 of 10
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SIX MYTHS OF PHOTOVOLTAICS 9 2500 W
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HISTORY OF PHOTOVOLTAICS 11 the maj
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HISTORY OF PHOTOVOLTAICS 13 the USA
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PV COSTS, MARKETS AND FORECASTS 15
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PV COSTS, MARKETS AND FORECASTS 17
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GOALS OF PV RESEARCH AND MANUFACTUR
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GLOBAL TRENDS IN PERFORMANCE AND AP
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CRYSTALLINE SILICON PROGRESS AND CH
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CRYSTALLINE SILICON PROGRESS AND CH
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THIN FILM PROGRESS AND CHALLENGES 2
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THIN FILM PROGRESS AND CHALLENGES 2
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CONCENTRATION PV SYSTEMS 31 reality
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BALANCE OF SYSTEMS 33 Percentage of
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BALANCE OF SYSTEMS 35 Total capital
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FUTURE OF EMERGING PV TECHNOLOGIES
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CONCLUSIONS 39 Yet, in all these al
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REFERENCES 41 the other hand, hybri
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REFERENCES 43 69. Mickelson R, Chen
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46 MOTIVATION FOR PV APPLICATION AN
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48 MOTIVATION FOR PV APPLICATION AN
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50 MOTIVATION FOR PV APPLICATION AN
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52 MOTIVATION FOR PV APPLICATION AN
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54 MOTIVATION FOR PV APPLICATION AN
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56 MOTIVATION FOR PV APPLICATION AN
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58 MOTIVATION FOR PV APPLICATION AN
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60 MOTIVATION FOR PV APPLICATION AN
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62 THE PHYSICS OF THE SOLAR CELL Su
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64 THE PHYSICS OF THE SOLAR CELL 3.
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66 THE PHYSICS OF THE SOLAR CELL E
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68 THE PHYSICS OF THE SOLAR CELL 1.
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70 THE PHYSICS OF THE SOLAR CELL E
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72 THE PHYSICS OF THE SOLAR CELL an
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74 THE PHYSICS OF THE SOLAR CELL pr
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76 THE PHYSICS OF THE SOLAR CELL No
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78 THE PHYSICS OF THE SOLAR CELL E
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80 THE PHYSICS OF THE SOLAR CELL El
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82 THE PHYSICS OF THE SOLAR CELL wh
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84 THE PHYSICS OF THE SOLAR CELL n
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86 THE PHYSICS OF THE SOLAR CELL Th
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88 THE PHYSICS OF THE SOLAR CELL Th
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90 THE PHYSICS OF THE SOLAR CELL an
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92 THE PHYSICS OF THE SOLAR CELL an
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94 THE PHYSICS OF THE SOLAR CELL Ta
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96 THE PHYSICS OF THE SOLAR CELL cu
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98 THE PHYSICS OF THE SOLAR CELL 0.
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100 THE PHYSICS OF THE SOLAR CELL 5
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102 THE PHYSICS OF THE SOLAR CELL I
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104 THE PHYSICS OF THE SOLAR CELL 4
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106 THE PHYSICS OF THE SOLAR CELL T
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108 THE PHYSICS OF THE SOLAR CELL S
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110 THE PHYSICS OF THE SOLAR CELL E
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112 THE PHYSICS OF THE SOLAR CELL 1
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114 THEORETICAL LIMITS OF PHOTOVOLT
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116 THEORETICAL LIMITS OF PHOTOVOLT
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118 THEORETICAL LIMITS OF PHOTOVOLT
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120 THEORETICAL LIMITS OF PHOTOVOLT
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122 THEORETICAL LIMITS OF PHOTOVOLT
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124 THEORETICAL LIMITS OF PHOTOVOLT
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126 THEORETICAL LIMITS OF PHOTOVOLT
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128 THEORETICAL LIMITS OF PHOTOVOLT
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130 THEORETICAL LIMITS OF PHOTOVOLT
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132 THEORETICAL LIMITS OF PHOTOVOLT
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134 THEORETICAL LIMITS OF PHOTOVOLT
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136 THEORETICAL LIMITS OF PHOTOVOLT
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138 THEORETICAL LIMITS OF PHOTOVOLT
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140 THEORETICAL LIMITS OF PHOTOVOLT
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142 THEORETICAL LIMITS OF PHOTOVOLT
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144 THEORETICAL LIMITS OF PHOTOVOLT
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146 THEORETICAL LIMITS OF PHOTOVOLT
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148 THEORETICAL LIMITS OF PHOTOVOLT
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150 THEORETICAL LIMITS OF PHOTOVOLT
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5 Solar Grade Silicon Feedstock Bru
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SILICON 155 faces of silicon are (1
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SILICON 157 powder in the presence
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SILICON 159 5.2.4.1.2 Wrought alloy
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PRODUCTION OF METALLURGICAL GRADE S
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PRODUCTION OF METALLURGICAL GRADE S
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PRODUCTION OF METALLURGICAL GRADE S
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PRODUCTION OF SEMICONDUCTOR GRADE S
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PRODUCTION OF SEMICONDUCTOR GRADE S
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PRODUCTION OF SEMICONDUCTOR GRADE S
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PRODUCTION OF SEMICONDUCTOR GRADE S
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CURRENT SILICON FEEDSTOCK TO SOLAR
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CURRENT SILICON FEEDSTOCK TO SOLAR
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REQUIREMENTS OF SILICON FOR CRYSTAL
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REQUIREMENTS OF SILICON FOR CRYSTAL
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REQUIREMENTS OF SILICON FOR CRYSTAL
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REQUIREMENTS OF SILICON FOR CRYSTAL
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REQUIREMENTS OF SILICON FOR CRYSTAL
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REQUIREMENTS OF SILICON FOR CRYSTAL
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REQUIREMENTS OF SILICON FOR CRYSTAL
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ROUTES TO SOLAR GRADE SILICON 193 c
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ROUTES TO SOLAR GRADE SILICON 195 c
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ROUTES TO SOLAR GRADE SILICON 197 d
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ROUTES TO SOLAR GRADE SILICON 199 d
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CONCLUSIONS 201 2. Another German c
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REFERENCES 203 34. Fischler S, J. A
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6 Bulk Crystal Growth and Wafering
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BULK MONOCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL 207 b
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BULK MONOCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL 209 (
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BULK MONOCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL 211 O
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BULK MONOCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL 213 8
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BULK MULTICRYSTALLINE SILICON 215 I
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BULK MULTICRYSTALLINE SILICON 217 1
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BULK MULTICRYSTALLINE SILICON 219 b
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BULK MULTICRYSTALLINE SILICON 221 L
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WAFERING 223 This in turn verifies
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WAFERING 225 suspension of hard gri
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WAFERING 227 tips, they can exert v
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WAFERING 229 6.4.3 Wafer Quality an
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SILICON RIBBON AND FOIL PRODUCTION
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SILICON RIBBON AND FOIL PRODUCTION
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SILICON RIBBON AND FOIL PRODUCTION
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SILICON RIBBON AND FOIL PRODUCTION
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SILICON RIBBON AND FOIL PRODUCTION
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SILICON RIBBON AND FOIL PRODUCTION
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SILICON RIBBON AND FOIL PRODUCTION
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NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF CRYSTAL GR
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NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF CRYSTAL GR
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NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF CRYSTAL GR
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CONCLUSIONS 251 the supercooling de
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REFERENCES 253 28. Sahoo R et al.,
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7 Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells a
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CRYSTALLINE SILICON AS A PHOTOVOLTA
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CRYSTALLINE SILICON SOLAR CELLS 259
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CRYSTALLINE SILICON SOLAR CELLS 261
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CRYSTALLINE SILICON SOLAR CELLS 263
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CRYSTALLINE SILICON SOLAR CELLS 265
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CRYSTALLINE SILICON SOLAR CELLS 267
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CRYSTALLINE SILICON SOLAR CELLS 269
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MANUFACTURING PROCESS 271 The most
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MANUFACTURING PROCESS 273 3. Textur
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MANUFACTURING PROCESS 275 materials
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MANUFACTURING PROCESS 277 nearly 50
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MANUFACTURING PROCESS 279 Figure 7.
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VARIATIONS TO THE BASIC PROCESS 281
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MULTICRYSTALLINE CELLS 283 of defec
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MULTICRYSTALLINE CELLS 285 better s
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MULTICRYSTALLINE CELLS 287 Figure 7
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OTHER INDUSTRIAL APPROACHES 289 TCO
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CRYSTALLINE SILICON PHOTOVOLTAIC MO
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CRYSTALLINE SILICON PHOTOVOLTAIC MO
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ELECTRICAL AND OPTICAL PERFORMANCE
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ELECTRICAL AND OPTICAL PERFORMANCE
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ELECTRICAL AND OPTICAL PERFORMANCE
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FIELD PERFORMANCE OF MODULES 301 7.
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REFERENCES 303 REFERENCES 1. Luque
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REFERENCES 305 75. Lenkeit B et al.
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8 Thin-film Silicon Solar Cells Bhu
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INTRODUCTION 309 Open circuit volta
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A REVIEW OF CURRENT THIN-FILM SI CE
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A REVIEW OF CURRENT THIN-FILM SI CE
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A REVIEW OF CURRENT THIN-FILM SI CE
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A REVIEW OF CURRENT THIN-FILM SI CE
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CVD Excimer laser crystallization U
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A REVIEW OF CURRENT THIN-FILM SI CE
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n-type silicon (0.2 µm) p-type sil
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DESIGN CONCEPTS OF TF-SI SOLAR CELL
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DESIGN CONCEPTS OF TF-SI SOLAR CELL
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DESIGN CONCEPTS OF TF-SI SOLAR CELL
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DESIGN CONCEPTS OF TF-SI SOLAR CELL
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DESIGN CONCEPTS OF TF-SI SOLAR CELL
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DESIGN CONCEPTS OF TF-SI SOLAR CELL
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DESIGN CONCEPTS OF TF-SI SOLAR CELL
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DESIGN CONCEPTS OF TF-SI SOLAR CELL
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DESIGN CONCEPTS OF TF-SI SOLAR CELL
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DESIGN CONCEPTS OF TF-SI SOLAR CELL
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DESIGN CONCEPTS OF TF-SI SOLAR CELL
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DESIGN CONCEPTS OF TF-SI SOLAR CELL
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DESIGN CONCEPTS OF TF-SI SOLAR CELL
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DESIGN CONCEPTS OF TF-SI SOLAR CELL
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CONCLUSION 353 Introduction of H af
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REFERENCES 355 17. Kamins T, Ed, Po
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REFERENCES 357 98. Symko M, Sopori
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HISTORICAL OVERVIEW 463 Figure 11.6
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HISTORICAL OVERVIEW 465 production
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HISTORICAL OVERVIEW 467 Figure 11.1
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HISTORICAL OVERVIEW 469 n + bussbar
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HISTORICAL OVERVIEW 471 array [33].
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HISTORICAL OVERVIEW 473 Solar radia
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OPTICS OF CONCENTRATORS 475 q max,
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OPTICS OF CONCENTRATORS 477 If r 1
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OPTICS OF CONCENTRATORS 479 r i Med
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OPTICS OF CONCENTRATORS 481 When θ
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OPTICS OF CONCENTRATORS 483 filled
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OPTICS OF CONCENTRATORS 485 q i q i
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OPTICS OF CONCENTRATORS 487 For lar
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OPTICS OF CONCENTRATORS 489 on a co
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OPTICS OF CONCENTRATORS 491 gleaned
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OPTICS OF CONCENTRATORS 493 Solar c
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CURRENT CONCENTRATOR ACTIVITIES 495
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CURRENT CONCENTRATOR ACTIVITIES 497
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CURRENT CONCENTRATOR ACTIVITIES 499
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REFERENCES 501 11. Boes E, “Photo
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REFERENCES 503 60. Uematsu T et al.
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506 AMORPHOUS SILICON-BASED SOLAR C
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508 AMORPHOUS SILICON-BASED SOLAR C
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512 AMORPHOUS SILICON-BASED SOLAR C
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13 Cu(InGa)Se 2 Solar Cells William
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INTRODUCTION 569 CdS. The latter en
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MATERIAL PROPERTIES 571 Even though
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MATERIAL PROPERTIES 573 800 d 785 T
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MATERIAL PROPERTIES 575 3.2 x = 0.2
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MATERIAL PROPERTIES 577 1µm Figure
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DEPOSITION METHODS 579 though other
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DEPOSITION METHODS 581 much higher
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DEPOSITION METHODS 583 in the tempe
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JUNCTION AND DEVICE FORMATION 585 f
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JUNCTION AND DEVICE FORMATION 587 0
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JUNCTION AND DEVICE FORMATION 589 T
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JUNCTION AND DEVICE FORMATION 591 d
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DEVICE OPERATION 593 the voltage. F
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DEVICE OPERATION 595 1.0 0.8 500 80
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DEVICE OPERATION 597 1.4 V OC [Volt
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DEVICE OPERATION 599 13.5.3 The Cu(
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DEVICE OPERATION 601 Table 13.5 Hig
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MANUFACTURING ISSUES 603 can well f
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MANUFACTURING ISSUES 605 P1 P1 Mo G
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MANUFACTURING ISSUES 607 Finally, f
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THE Cu(InGa)Se 2 OUTLOOK 609 active
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REFERENCES 611 With all these chall
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REFERENCES 613 81. Stolt L, Hedstr
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REFERENCES 615 168. Fahrenbruch A,
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14 Cadmium Telluride Solar Cells Br
- Page 639 and 640:
INTRODUCTION 619 In contrast to p/n
- Page 641 and 642:
CdTe PROPERTIES AND THIN-FILM FABRI
- Page 643 and 644:
CdTe PROPERTIES AND THIN-FILM FABRI
- Page 645 and 646:
CdTe PROPERTIES AND THIN-FILM FABRI
- Page 647 and 648:
CdTe PROPERTIES AND THIN-FILM FABRI
- Page 649 and 650:
CdTe PROPERTIES AND THIN-FILM FABRI
- Page 651 and 652:
CdTe THIN-FILM SOLAR CELLS 631 orie
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CdTe THIN-FILM SOLAR CELLS 633 14.3
- Page 655 and 656:
CdTe THIN-FILM SOLAR CELLS 635 CdTe
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CdTe THIN-FILM SOLAR CELLS 637 CdTe
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CdTe THIN-FILM SOLAR CELLS 639 800
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CdTe THIN-FILM SOLAR CELLS 641 10
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CdTe THIN-FILM SOLAR CELLS 643 CdTe
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CdTe THIN-FILM SOLAR CELLS 645 forw
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CdTe THIN-FILM SOLAR CELLS 647 30 R
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CdTe THIN-FILM SOLAR CELLS 649 The
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CdTe MODULES 651 14.4 CdTe MODULES
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THE FUTURE OF CdTe-BASED SOLAR CELL
- Page 675 and 676:
THE FUTURE OF CdTe-BASED SOLAR CELL
- Page 677 and 678:
REFERENCES 657 This chapter has sho
- Page 679 and 680:
REFERENCES 659 60. Wei S, Mtg. Reco
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REFERENCES 661 152. McCandless B, Q
- Page 683 and 684:
15 Dye-sensitized Solar Cells Kohji
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INTRODUCTION TO DYE-SENSITIZED SOLA
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INTRODUCTION TO DYE-SENSITIZED SOLA
- Page 689 and 690:
INTRODUCTION TO DYE-SENSITIZED SOLA
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INTRODUCTION TO DYE-SENSITIZED SOLA
- Page 693 and 694:
INTRODUCTION TO DYE-SENSITIZED SOLA
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INTRODUCTION TO DYE-SENSITIZED SOLA
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INTRODUCTION TO DYE-SENSITIZED SOLA
- Page 699 and 700:
DSSC FABRICATION (η = 8%) 679 alko
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DSSC FABRICATION (η = 8%) 681 15.2
- Page 703 and 704:
NEW DEVELOPMENTS 683 of highly effi
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NEW DEVELOPMENTS 685 HOOC COOH HOOC
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NEW DEVELOPMENTS 687 photosensitize
- Page 710 and 711:
NEW DEVELOPMENTS 689 of these ionic
- Page 712 and 713:
APPROACH TO COMMERCIALIZATION 691 1
- Page 714:
Institute and reference Table 15.3
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SUMMARY AND PROSPECTS 695 Chemicals
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REFERENCES 697 4. Dare-Edwards M et
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REFERENCES 699 96. Tennakone K, Kum
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16 Measurement and Characterization
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RATING PV PERFORMANCE 703 Spectral
- Page 727:
λ [nm] Table 16.3 AM0 standard sol
- Page 731:
171.5 7.01E − 1 372.5 1074 573.5
- Page 735:
228.5 52.940 429.5 1501 630.7 1682
- Page 739:
288.5 328.400 489.5 1994 689.1 1506
- Page 742 and 743:
RATING PV PERFORMANCE 713 The extra
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RATING PV PERFORMANCE 715 of about
- Page 746 and 747:
RATING PV PERFORMANCE 717 Energy [W
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RATING PV PERFORMANCE 719 16.2.4 Tr
- Page 750 and 751:
CURRENT VERSUS VOLTAGE MEASUREMENTS
- Page 752 and 753:
CURRENT VERSUS VOLTAGE MEASUREMENTS
- Page 754 and 755:
CURRENT VERSUS VOLTAGE MEASUREMENTS
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CURRENT VERSUS VOLTAGE MEASUREMENTS
- Page 758 and 759:
CURRENT VERSUS VOLTAGE MEASUREMENTS
- Page 760 and 761:
CURRENT VERSUS VOLTAGE MEASUREMENTS
- Page 762 and 763:
CURRENT VERSUS VOLTAGE MEASUREMENTS
- Page 764 and 765:
CURRENT VERSUS VOLTAGE MEASUREMENTS
- Page 766 and 767:
CURRENT VERSUS VOLTAGE MEASUREMENTS
- Page 768 and 769:
SPECTRAL RESPONSIVITY MEASUREMENTS
- Page 770 and 771:
SPECTRAL RESPONSIVITY MEASUREMENTS
- Page 772 and 773:
SPECTRAL RESPONSIVITY MEASUREMENTS
- Page 774 and 775:
MODULE QUALIFICATION AND CERTIFICAT
- Page 776 and 777:
REFERENCES 747 REFERENCES 1. Emery
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REFERENCES 749 62. Standard IEC 608
- Page 780 and 781:
REFERENCES 751 130. Dondero R, Zirk
- Page 782 and 783:
17 Photovoltaic Systems Klaus Preis
- Page 784 and 785:
PV POWER SYSTEM CONFIGURATION AND A
- Page 786 and 787:
PV POWER SYSTEM CONFIGURATION AND A
- Page 788 and 789:
PV POWER SYSTEM CONFIGURATION AND A
- Page 790 and 791:
PV POWER SYSTEM CONFIGURATION AND A
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PV POWER SYSTEM CONFIGURATION AND A
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PV POWER SYSTEM CONFIGURATION AND A
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PV POWER SYSTEM CONFIGURATION AND A
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PV POWER SYSTEM CONFIGURATION AND A
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PV POWER SYSTEM CONFIGURATION AND A
- Page 802 and 803:
PV POWER SYSTEM CONFIGURATION AND A
- Page 804 and 805:
PV POWER SYSTEM CONFIGURATION AND A
- Page 806 and 807:
PV POWER SYSTEM CONFIGURATION AND A
- Page 808 and 809:
PV POWER SYSTEM CONFIGURATION AND A
- Page 810 and 811:
PV POWER SYSTEM CONFIGURATION AND A
- Page 812 and 813:
PV POWER SYSTEM CONFIGURATION AND A
- Page 814 and 815:
COMPONENTS FOR PV SYSTEMS 785 NASA
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COMPONENTS FOR PV SYSTEMS 787 volta
- Page 818 and 819:
COMPONENTS FOR PV SYSTEMS 789 well
- Page 820 and 821:
COMPONENTS FOR PV SYSTEMS 791 A sig
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COMPONENTS FOR PV SYSTEMS 793 In st
- Page 824 and 825:
FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS IN PHOTOVOLTAIC
- Page 826 and 827:
REFERENCES 797 CL Controllable load
- Page 828 and 829:
18 Electrochemical Storage for Phot
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GENERAL CONCEPT OF ELECTROCHEMICAL
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GENERAL CONCEPT OF ELECTROCHEMICAL
- Page 834 and 835:
GENERAL CONCEPT OF ELECTROCHEMICAL
- Page 836 and 837:
GENERAL CONCEPT OF ELECTROCHEMICAL
- Page 838 and 839:
GENERAL CONCEPT OF ELECTROCHEMICAL
- Page 840 and 841:
GENERAL CONCEPT OF ELECTROCHEMICAL
- Page 842 and 843:
TYPICAL OPERATION CONDITIONS OF BAT
- Page 844 and 845:
TYPICAL OPERATION CONDITIONS OF BAT
- Page 846 and 847:
SECONDARY ELECTROCHEMICAL ACCUMULAT
- Page 848:
Table 18.4 Overview of the technica
- Page 851 and 852:
SECONDARY ELECTROCHEMICAL ACCUMULAT
- Page 853 and 854:
SECONDARY ELECTROCHEMICAL ACCUMULAT
- Page 855 and 856:
SECONDARY ELECTROCHEMICAL ACCUMULAT
- Page 857 and 858:
SECONDARY ELECTROCHEMICAL ACCUMULAT
- Page 859 and 860:
SECONDARY ELECTROCHEMICAL ACCUMULAT
- Page 861 and 862:
SECONDARY ELECTROCHEMICAL ACCUMULAT
- Page 863 and 864:
SECONDARY ELECTROCHEMICAL ACCUMULAT
- Page 865 and 866:
SECONDARY ELECTROCHEMICAL ACCUMULAT
- Page 867 and 868:
SECONDARY ELECTROCHEMICAL ACCUMULAT
- Page 869 and 870:
SECONDARY ELECTROCHEMICAL ACCUMULAT
- Page 871 and 872:
SECONDARY ELECTROCHEMICAL ACCUMULAT
- Page 873 and 874:
SECONDARY ELECTROCHEMICAL ACCUMULAT
- Page 875 and 876:
SECONDARY ELECTROCHEMICAL ACCUMULAT
- Page 877 and 878:
SECONDARY ELECTROCHEMICAL ACCUMULAT
- Page 879 and 880:
BATTERY SYSTEMS WITH EXTERNAL STORA
- Page 881 and 882:
BATTERY SYSTEMS WITH EXTERNAL STORA
- Page 883 and 884:
BATTERY SYSTEMS WITH EXTERNAL STORA
- Page 885 and 886:
BATTERY SYSTEMS WITH EXTERNAL STORA
- Page 887 and 888:
INVESTMENT AND LIFETIME COST CONSID
- Page 889 and 890:
CONCLUSION 859 This example is just
- Page 891 and 892:
REFERENCES 861 10. Ruddell A et al.
- Page 893 and 894:
19 Power Conditioning for Photovolt
- Page 895 and 896:
CONTROLLERS AND MONITORING SYSTEMS
- Page 897 and 898:
CONTROLLERS AND MONITORING SYSTEMS
- Page 899 and 900:
CONTROLLERS AND MONITORING SYSTEMS
- Page 901 and 902:
CONTROLLERS AND MONITORING SYSTEMS
- Page 903 and 904:
CONTROLLERS AND MONITORING SYSTEMS
- Page 905 and 906:
CONTROLLERS AND MONITORING SYSTEMS
- Page 907 and 908:
CONTROLLERS AND MONITORING SYSTEMS
- Page 909 and 910:
CONTROLLERS AND MONITORING SYSTEMS
- Page 911 and 912:
INVERTERS 881 19.2 INVERTERS 19.2.1
- Page 913 and 914:
INVERTERS 883 Current [A] MPP Power
- Page 915 and 916:
INVERTERS 885 S1 S3 DC source AC ou
- Page 917 and 918:
INVERTERS 887 V PV V load t 0 t 1 t
- Page 919 and 920:
INVERTERS 889 The resulting voltage
- Page 921 and 922:
INVERTERS 891 12 V 24 V 48 V 96 V 1
- Page 923 and 924:
INVERTERS 893 U DC voltage level U
- Page 925 and 926:
INVERTERS 895 100 55 Hz 50 Hz Frequ
- Page 927 and 928:
INVERTERS 897 S1 L C 1 C 2 AC outpu
- Page 929 and 930:
INVERTERS 899 Time delay Seconds Mi
- Page 931 and 932:
INVERTERS 901 Separated part of the
- Page 933 and 934:
REFERENCES 903 5. Gonzalez G, Hill
- Page 935 and 936:
906 ENERGY COLLECTED AND DELIVERED
- Page 937 and 938:
908 ENERGY COLLECTED AND DELIVERED
- Page 939 and 940:
910 ENERGY COLLECTED AND DELIVERED
- Page 941 and 942:
912 ENERGY COLLECTED AND DELIVERED
- Page 943 and 944:
914 ENERGY COLLECTED AND DELIVERED
- Page 945 and 946:
916 ENERGY COLLECTED AND DELIVERED
- Page 947 and 948:
918 ENERGY COLLECTED AND DELIVERED
- Page 949 and 950:
920 ENERGY COLLECTED AND DELIVERED
- Page 951 and 952:
922 ENERGY COLLECTED AND DELIVERED
- Page 953 and 954:
924 ENERGY COLLECTED AND DELIVERED
- Page 955 and 956:
926 ENERGY COLLECTED AND DELIVERED
- Page 957 and 958:
928 ENERGY COLLECTED AND DELIVERED
- Page 959 and 960:
930 ENERGY COLLECTED AND DELIVERED
- Page 961 and 962:
932 ENERGY COLLECTED AND DELIVERED
- Page 963 and 964:
934 ENERGY COLLECTED AND DELIVERED
- Page 965 and 966:
936 ENERGY COLLECTED AND DELIVERED
- Page 967 and 968:
938 ENERGY COLLECTED AND DELIVERED
- Page 969 and 970:
940 ENERGY COLLECTED AND DELIVERED
- Page 971 and 972:
942 ENERGY COLLECTED AND DELIVERED
- Page 973 and 974:
944 ENERGY COLLECTED AND DELIVERED
- Page 975 and 976:
946 ENERGY COLLECTED AND DELIVERED
- Page 977 and 978:
948 ENERGY COLLECTED AND DELIVERED
- Page 979 and 980:
950 ENERGY COLLECTED AND DELIVERED
- Page 981 and 982:
952 ENERGY COLLECTED AND DELIVERED
- Page 983 and 984:
954 ENERGY COLLECTED AND DELIVERED
- Page 985 and 986:
956 ENERGY COLLECTED AND DELIVERED
- Page 987 and 988:
958 ENERGY COLLECTED AND DELIVERED
- Page 989 and 990:
960 ENERGY COLLECTED AND DELIVERED
- Page 991 and 992:
962 ENERGY COLLECTED AND DELIVERED
- Page 993 and 994:
964 ENERGY COLLECTED AND DELIVERED
- Page 995 and 996:
966 ENERGY COLLECTED AND DELIVERED
- Page 997 and 998:
968 ENERGY COLLECTED AND DELIVERED
- Page 999 and 1000:
970 ENERGY COLLECTED AND DELIVERED
- Page 1001 and 1002:
972 ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF PV SYSTEMS
- Page 1003 and 1004:
974 ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF PV SYSTEMS
- Page 1005 and 1006:
976 ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF PV SYSTEMS
- Page 1007 and 1008:
978 ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF PV SYSTEMS
- Page 1009 and 1010:
980 ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF PV SYSTEMS
- Page 1011 and 1012:
982 ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF PV SYSTEMS
- Page 1013 and 1014:
984 ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF PV SYSTEMS
- Page 1015 and 1016:
986 ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF PV SYSTEMS
- Page 1017 and 1018:
988 ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF PV SYSTEMS
- Page 1019 and 1020:
990 ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF PV SYSTEMS
- Page 1021 and 1022:
992 ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF PV SYSTEMS
- Page 1023 and 1024:
994 ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF PV SYSTEMS
- Page 1025 and 1026:
996 ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF PV SYSTEMS
- Page 1027 and 1028:
998 ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF PV SYSTEMS
- Page 1029 and 1030:
1000 ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF PV SYSTEM
- Page 1031 and 1032:
1002 ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF PV SYSTEM
- Page 1033 and 1034:
22 PV in Architecture Tjerk H. Reij
- Page 1035 and 1036:
INTRODUCTION 1007 Figure 22.2 Integ
- Page 1037 and 1038:
PV IN ARCHITECTURE 1009 Figure 22.4
- Page 1039 and 1040:
PV IN ARCHITECTURE 1011 Figure 22.7
- Page 1041 and 1042:
PV IN ARCHITECTURE 1013 Heat load a
- Page 1043 and 1044:
PV IN ARCHITECTURE 1015 • aesthet
- Page 1045 and 1046:
PV IN ARCHITECTURE 1017 Figure 22.1
- Page 1047 and 1048:
PV IN ARCHITECTURE 1019 Figure 22.1
- Page 1049 and 1050:
PV IN ARCHITECTURE 1021 Figure 22.2
- Page 1051 and 1052:
PV IN ARCHITECTURE 1023 Figure 22.2
- Page 1053 and 1054:
PV IN ARCHITECTURE 1025 Figure 22.2
- Page 1055 and 1056:
BIPV BASICS 1027 22.3.1.2 Categorie
- Page 1057 and 1058:
BIPV BASICS 1029 Figure 22.34 Alute
- Page 1059 and 1060:
BIPV BASICS 1031 Figure 22.38 Solgr
- Page 1061 and 1062:
BIPV BASICS 1033 Figure 22.42 Canop
- Page 1063 and 1064:
BIPV BASICS 1035 cooling as possibl
- Page 1065 and 1066:
STEPS IN THE DESIGN PROCESS WITH PV
- Page 1067 and 1068:
STEPS IN THE DESIGN PROCESS WITH PV
- Page 1069 and 1070:
REFERENCES 1041 REFERENCES 1. Reije
- Page 1071 and 1072:
23 Photovoltaics and Development Jo
- Page 1073 and 1074:
ELECTRICITY AND DEVELOPMENT 1045 pe
- Page 1075 and 1076:
BREAKING THE CHAINS OF UNDERDEVELOP
- Page 1077 and 1078:
THE PV ALTERNATIVE 1049 was too exp
- Page 1079 and 1080:
THE PV ALTERNATIVE 1051 Basic light
- Page 1081 and 1082:
THE PV ALTERNATIVE 1053 (for a deta
- Page 1083 and 1084:
THE PV ALTERNATIVE 1055 issued by t
- Page 1085 and 1086:
THE PV ALTERNATIVE 1057 Needless to
- Page 1087 and 1088:
THE PV ALTERNATIVE 1059 exports bal
- Page 1089 and 1090:
FOUR EXAMPLES OF PV RURAL ELECTRIFI
- Page 1091 and 1092:
FOUR EXAMPLES OF PV RURAL ELECTRIFI
- Page 1093 and 1094:
FOUR EXAMPLES OF PV RURAL ELECTRIFI
- Page 1095 and 1096:
FOUR EXAMPLES OF PV RURAL ELECTRIFI
- Page 1097 and 1098:
REFERENCES 1069 standard of living
- Page 1099 and 1100:
REFERENCES 1071 36. Martinot E et a
- Page 1101 and 1102:
1074 FINANCING PV GROWTH 1995 : The
- Page 1103 and 1104:
1076 FINANCING PV GROWTH 24.2.3 Cap
- Page 1105 and 1106:
1078 FINANCING PV GROWTH can range
- Page 1107 and 1108:
1080 FINANCING PV GROWTH 24.4.2 Typ
- Page 1109 and 1110:
1082 FINANCING PV GROWTH 24.4.5 Exa
- Page 1111 and 1112:
1084 FINANCING PV GROWTH Such PV sy
- Page 1113 and 1114:
1086 FINANCING PV GROWTH approved a
- Page 1115 and 1116:
1088 FINANCING PV GROWTH Ghana: ren
- Page 1117 and 1118:
1090 FINANCING PV GROWTH Table 24.3
- Page 1119 and 1120:
1092 FINANCING PV GROWTH with succe
- Page 1121 and 1122:
1094 FINANCING PV GROWTH 24.8.2 Dir
- Page 1123 and 1124:
1096 FINANCING PV GROWTH using a 40
- Page 1125 and 1126:
1098 FINANCING PV GROWTH Current do
- Page 1127 and 1128:
1100 FINANCING PV GROWTH 3503 RE Ut
- Page 1129 and 1130:
1102 FINANCING PV GROWTH was capita
- Page 1131 and 1132:
1104 FINANCING PV GROWTH Policy and
- Page 1133 and 1134:
1106 FINANCING PV GROWTH E-mail: We
- Page 1135 and 1136:
1108 FINANCING PV GROWTH Triodos Ba
- Page 1137 and 1138:
1110 FINANCING PV GROWTH Contact: G
- Page 1139 and 1140:
1112 FINANCING PV GROWTH Phone: 94
- Page 1141 and 1142:
1114 FINANCING PV GROWTH Fax: 91 11
- Page 1143 and 1144:
Index Index Terms Links A a-Si see
- Page 1145 and 1146:
Index Terms Links III-V multijuncti
- Page 1147 and 1148:
Index Terms Links module temperatur
- Page 1149 and 1150:
Index Terms Links CdTe modules 651
- Page 1151 and 1152:
Index Terms Links early demonstrati
- Page 1153 and 1154:
Index Terms Links crystalline silic
- Page 1155 and 1156:
Index Terms Links daily irradiation
- Page 1157 and 1158:
Index Terms Links module fabricatio
- Page 1159 and 1160:
Index Terms Links electricity produ
- Page 1161 and 1162:
Index Terms Links extensive variabl
- Page 1163 and 1164:
Index Terms Links lattice matching
- Page 1165 and 1166:
Index Terms Links heat load and day
- Page 1167 and 1168:
Index Terms Links intensive variabl
- Page 1169 and 1170:
Index Terms Links chemistry 827 828
- Page 1171 and 1172:
Index Terms Links Meteosat weather
- Page 1173 and 1174:
Index Terms Links thin-film silicon
- Page 1175 and 1176:
Index Terms Links energy collection
- Page 1177 and 1178:
Index Terms Links powerguard flat-r
- Page 1179 and 1180:
Index Terms Links rooftop PV genera
- Page 1181 and 1182:
Index Terms Links Siemens Solar Bor
- Page 1183 and 1184:
Index Terms Links Sofrel flat-roof
- Page 1185 and 1186:
Index Terms Links Solar Terrestrial
- Page 1187 and 1188:
Index Terms Links SunPower Corporat
- Page 1189 and 1190:
Index Terms Links surface texture 3
- Page 1191:
Index Terms Links waferin 223 224 2
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