knjiga solarna energija dobra

814 ELECTROCHEMICAL STORAGE FOR PHOTOVOLTAICS
989 E irradiation
h STC = 10.11%
100 E NOMINAL
99.5 E NOM , data sheet
95.2 E MPP (h(G), 25°C)
92.6 E MPP (h(G), T cell )
89.2 E MPP (+ reflection)
I/V-mismatch
2.7
diodes
cables
86.5
82.3
59.5
40.5
E MPP array
E array (U Bat)
E array limited
by system voltage
E Bat
(+) , PV
E FUEL
h MOT = 35.1
E MOTOR
h GEN = 79%
E AUX AC
Charging device
E AUX DC
E Bat
(+) , AUX
95.4
33.5
26.5
5.7
20.8
17.0
E Bat
(+)
Battery losses
∆ E
57.5
11.7
+0.1
E Bat
(−)
45.9
34.0
E Bat
(−) , PV
E Bat
(−) , AUX
11.9
3.2
E inverter, PV
4.3
E inverter
h Inn = 93.8%
49.8
E PV USE
E AUX USE
14.6
E consumer
64.4
Figure 18.4 Energy-flow diagram on a one-year basis of the autonomous power supply system
Unterkrummenhof (PV diesel battery) near Freiburg/Germany [6]
deep discharge during the winter months. Classical SHSs are very much like Class 2 or
Class 3 systems and village power supply systems like Class 4.
An extension of the classification including the Southern Europe climatic conditions
is necessary but is not available yet.
The time series of a battery’s state of charge (Figure 18.6) and the current/voltage
representation (Figure 18.5) demonstrate that batteries in stand-alone systems have to
operate under very specific conditions such as the following: