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λ [nm] E(λ) [Wm −2 µm −1 ] λ [nm] E(λ) [Wm −2 µm −1 ] λ [nm] E(λ) [Wm −2 µm −1 ] λ [nm] Table 16.3 E(λ) [Wm −2 µm −1 ] λ [nm] (continued) E(λ) [Wm −2 µm −1 ] λ [nm] E(λ) [Wm −2 µm −1 ] λ [nm] E(λ) [Wm −2 µm −1 ] λ [nm] E(λ) [Wm −2 µm −1 ] λ [nm] E(λ) [Wm −2 µm −1 ] 259.5 106.000 460.5 2075 661.1 1585 966.0 767.2 1368 358.4 1770 177.1 2172 85.0 3240 19.59 35 000 1.64E − 3 260.5 87.150 461.5 2090 662.0 1597 968.0 771.7 1370 356.4 1772 177.8 2174 85.1 3260 19.15 40 000 9.65E − 4 261.5 91.520 462.5 2140 663.0 1569 970.0 767.5 1372 359.3 1774 177.7 2176 84.1 3280 18.72 50 000 3.97E − 4 262.5 105.600 463.5 2075 664.0 1558 972.0 771.9 1374 357.4 1776 174.3 2178 82.7 3300 18.31 60 000 1.92E − 4 263.5 168.900 464.5 2010 665.0 1575 974.0 754.1 1376 352.6 1778 173.0 2180 84.8 3320 17.91 80 000 6.10E − 5 264.5 254.500 465.5 2077 665.9 1567 976.0 760.4 1378 356.3 1780 173.3 2182 82.9 3340 17.52 1 00 000 2.51E − 5 265.5 257.500 466.5 1954 666.9 1555 978.0 756.1 1380 355.6 1782 172.7 2184 84.1 3360 17.14 1 20 000 1.21E − 5 266.5 254.200 467.5 2049 667.9 1554 980.0 752.4 1382 351.4 1784 172.5 2186 84.0 3380 16.77 1 50 000 4.98E − 6 267.5 255.600 468.5 2028 668.8 1569 982.0 755.1 1384 353.8 1786 171.5 2188 81.2 3400 16.41 2 00 000 1.58E − 6 268.5 248.500 469.5 2024 669.8 1554 984.0 749.2 1386 349.4 1788 173.4 2190 82.7 3420 16.06 2 50 000 6.51E − 7 269.5 243.500 470.5 1909 670.8 1551 986.0 745.6 1388 351.5 1790 171.7 2192 83.2 3440 15.72 3 00 000 3.06E − 7 270.5 272.400 471.5 2052 671.8 1541 988.0 742.9 1390 348.1 1792 170.4 2194 82.8 3460 15.39 4 00 000 1.05E − 7 271.5 228.700 472.5 2076 672.7 1537 990.0 732.0 1392 349.3 1794 168.9 2196 82.5 3480 15.07 10 00 000 3.51E − 9 272.5 201.200 473.5 2025 673.7 1533 992.0 738.7 1394 347.0 1796 168.8 2198 82.5 3500 14.76 10 00 000 3.51E − 9 273.5 200.200 474.5 2086 674.7 1530 994.0 737.6 1396 345.3 1798 168.5 2200 82.1 3520 14.45 – – 274.5 135.200 475.5 2050 675.6 1527 996.0 733.6 1398 346.8 1800 167.6 2202 81.6 3540 14.16 – – 275.5 178.500 476.5 1990 676.6 1523 998.0 731.4 1400 339.2 1802 164.5 2204 81.7 3560 13.87 – – 276.5 247.500 477.5 2110 677.6 1520 1000.0 728.0 1402 340.3 1804 166.6 2206 77.4 3580 13.58 – – 277.5 238.200 478.5 2043 678.5 1518 1002.0 725.8 1404 338.1 1806 165.5 2208 79.3 3600 13.31 – – 278.5 162.300 479.5 2111 679.5 1515 1004.0 709.7 1406 337.9 1808 165.3 2210 80.6 3620 13.04 – – 279.5 87.190 480.5 2070 680.5 1513 1006.0 685.9 1408 338.5 1810 164.9 2212 80.5 3640 12.78 – – 280.5 96.450 481.5 2126 681.4 1510 1008.0 714.5 1410 338.2 1812 163.1 2214 80.2 3660 12.53 – – 281.5 212.300 482.5 2058 682.4 1508 1010.0 713.4 1412 329.6 1814 161.3 2216 79.2 3680 12.28 – – 282.5 299.800 483.5 2053 683.4 1506 1012.0 709.5 1414 330.7 1816 156.9 2218 79.2 3700 12.04 – – 283.5 319.500 484.5 2003 684.3 1504 1014.0 702.9 1416 333.3 1818 145.6 2220 79.5 3720 11.80 – – 284.5 239.800 485.5 1862 685.3 1503 1016.0 697.1 1418 332.9 1820 155.8 2222 79.1 3740 11.57 – – 285.5 166.300 486.5 1653 686.3 1501 1018.0 694.6 1420 329.7 1822 154.6 2224 78.8 3760 11.35 – – 286.5 328.900 487.5 1862 687.2 1500 1020.0 691.0 1422 321.9 1824 159.4 2226 77.1 3780 11.13 – – 287.5 342.800 488.5 1947 688.2 1499 1022.0 687.5 1424 325.9 1826 159.3 2228 78.0 3800 10.92 – –
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Handbook of Photovoltaic Science an
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We dedicate this book to all those
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xxiv LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS Phone: +1
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xxvi LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS 28040 Mad
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Contents List of Contributors xxiii
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CONTENTS ix 4.3.1 The Balance Equat
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CONTENTS xi 7.4 Manufacturing Proce
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CONTENTS xiii 9.8 Future-generation
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CONTENTS xv 12.1.2 Designs for Amor
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CONTENTS xvii 14.3.3 CdS/CdTe Inter
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CONTENTS xix 18.2.2 Batteries with
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CONTENTS xxi 22.2 PV in Architectur
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1 Status, Trends, Challenges and th
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WHAT IS PHOTOVOLTAICS? 3 1.2 WHAT I
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SIX MYTHS OF PHOTOVOLTAICS 5 Sunlig
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SIX MYTHS OF PHOTOVOLTAICS 7 of 10
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SIX MYTHS OF PHOTOVOLTAICS 9 2500 W
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HISTORY OF PHOTOVOLTAICS 11 the maj
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HISTORY OF PHOTOVOLTAICS 13 the USA
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PV COSTS, MARKETS AND FORECASTS 15
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PV COSTS, MARKETS AND FORECASTS 17
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GOALS OF PV RESEARCH AND MANUFACTUR
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GLOBAL TRENDS IN PERFORMANCE AND AP
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CRYSTALLINE SILICON PROGRESS AND CH
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CRYSTALLINE SILICON PROGRESS AND CH
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THIN FILM PROGRESS AND CHALLENGES 2
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THIN FILM PROGRESS AND CHALLENGES 2
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CONCENTRATION PV SYSTEMS 31 reality
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BALANCE OF SYSTEMS 33 Percentage of
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BALANCE OF SYSTEMS 35 Total capital
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FUTURE OF EMERGING PV TECHNOLOGIES
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CONCLUSIONS 39 Yet, in all these al
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REFERENCES 41 the other hand, hybri
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REFERENCES 43 69. Mickelson R, Chen
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46 MOTIVATION FOR PV APPLICATION AN
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62 THE PHYSICS OF THE SOLAR CELL Su
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64 THE PHYSICS OF THE SOLAR CELL 3.
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66 THE PHYSICS OF THE SOLAR CELL E
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72 THE PHYSICS OF THE SOLAR CELL an
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74 THE PHYSICS OF THE SOLAR CELL pr
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76 THE PHYSICS OF THE SOLAR CELL No
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80 THE PHYSICS OF THE SOLAR CELL El
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82 THE PHYSICS OF THE SOLAR CELL wh
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84 THE PHYSICS OF THE SOLAR CELL n
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86 THE PHYSICS OF THE SOLAR CELL Th
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88 THE PHYSICS OF THE SOLAR CELL Th
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94 THE PHYSICS OF THE SOLAR CELL Ta
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96 THE PHYSICS OF THE SOLAR CELL cu
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100 THE PHYSICS OF THE SOLAR CELL 5
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102 THE PHYSICS OF THE SOLAR CELL I
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106 THE PHYSICS OF THE SOLAR CELL T
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108 THE PHYSICS OF THE SOLAR CELL S
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114 THEORETICAL LIMITS OF PHOTOVOLT
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5 Solar Grade Silicon Feedstock Bru
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SILICON 155 faces of silicon are (1
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SILICON 157 powder in the presence
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SILICON 159 5.2.4.1.2 Wrought alloy
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PRODUCTION OF METALLURGICAL GRADE S
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PRODUCTION OF SEMICONDUCTOR GRADE S
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CURRENT SILICON FEEDSTOCK TO SOLAR
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CURRENT SILICON FEEDSTOCK TO SOLAR
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REQUIREMENTS OF SILICON FOR CRYSTAL
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ROUTES TO SOLAR GRADE SILICON 193 c
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ROUTES TO SOLAR GRADE SILICON 195 c
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ROUTES TO SOLAR GRADE SILICON 197 d
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ROUTES TO SOLAR GRADE SILICON 199 d
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CONCLUSIONS 201 2. Another German c
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REFERENCES 203 34. Fischler S, J. A
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6 Bulk Crystal Growth and Wafering
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BULK MONOCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL 207 b
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BULK MONOCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL 209 (
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BULK MONOCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL 211 O
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BULK MONOCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL 213 8
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BULK MULTICRYSTALLINE SILICON 215 I
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BULK MULTICRYSTALLINE SILICON 217 1
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BULK MULTICRYSTALLINE SILICON 219 b
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BULK MULTICRYSTALLINE SILICON 221 L
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WAFERING 223 This in turn verifies
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WAFERING 225 suspension of hard gri
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WAFERING 227 tips, they can exert v
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WAFERING 229 6.4.3 Wafer Quality an
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SILICON RIBBON AND FOIL PRODUCTION
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NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF CRYSTAL GR
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CONCLUSIONS 251 the supercooling de
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REFERENCES 253 28. Sahoo R et al.,
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7 Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells a
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CRYSTALLINE SILICON AS A PHOTOVOLTA
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CRYSTALLINE SILICON SOLAR CELLS 259
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MANUFACTURING PROCESS 271 The most
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MANUFACTURING PROCESS 273 3. Textur
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MANUFACTURING PROCESS 275 materials
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MANUFACTURING PROCESS 277 nearly 50
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MANUFACTURING PROCESS 279 Figure 7.
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VARIATIONS TO THE BASIC PROCESS 281
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MULTICRYSTALLINE CELLS 283 of defec
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MULTICRYSTALLINE CELLS 285 better s
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MULTICRYSTALLINE CELLS 287 Figure 7
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OTHER INDUSTRIAL APPROACHES 289 TCO
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CRYSTALLINE SILICON PHOTOVOLTAIC MO
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CRYSTALLINE SILICON PHOTOVOLTAIC MO
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ELECTRICAL AND OPTICAL PERFORMANCE
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FIELD PERFORMANCE OF MODULES 301 7.
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REFERENCES 303 REFERENCES 1. Luque
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REFERENCES 305 75. Lenkeit B et al.
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8 Thin-film Silicon Solar Cells Bhu
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INTRODUCTION 309 Open circuit volta
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A REVIEW OF CURRENT THIN-FILM SI CE
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CVD Excimer laser crystallization U
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n-type silicon (0.2 µm) p-type sil
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DESIGN CONCEPTS OF TF-SI SOLAR CELL
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CONCLUSION 353 Introduction of H af
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REFERENCES 355 17. Kamins T, Ed, Po
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REFERENCES 357 98. Symko M, Sopori
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360 HIGH-EFFICIENCY III-V MULTIJUNC
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10 Space Solar Cells and Arrays She
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THE HISTORY OF SPACE SOLAR CELLS 41
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THE CHALLENGE FOR SPACE SOLAR CELLS
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SILICON SOLAR CELLS 425 Figure 10.7
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III-V SOLAR CELLS 427 n+-GaAs n-AlI
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III-V SOLAR CELLS 429 missions with
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SPACE SOLAR ARRAYS 431 supported af
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SPACE SOLAR ARRAYS 433 JPL-25888AC
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SPACE SOLAR ARRAYS 435 Figure 10.13
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SPACE SOLAR ARRAYS 437 Figure 10.15
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SPACE SOLAR ARRAYS 439 0.31 Astrono
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FUTURE CELL AND ARRAY POSSIBILITIES
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FUTURE CELL AND ARRAY POSSIBILITIES
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POWER SYSTEM FIGURES OF MERIT 445 A
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REFERENCES 447 8. Statler R, Curtin
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11 Photovoltaic Concentrators Richa
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INTRODUCTION 451 markets most often
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BASIC TYPES OF CONCENTRATORS 453 ha
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BASIC TYPES OF CONCENTRATORS 455 is
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BASIC TYPES OF CONCENTRATORS 457 sk
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BASIC TYPES OF CONCENTRATORS 459 Ho
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HISTORICAL OVERVIEW 461 thereafter.
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HISTORICAL OVERVIEW 463 Figure 11.6
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HISTORICAL OVERVIEW 465 production
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HISTORICAL OVERVIEW 467 Figure 11.1
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HISTORICAL OVERVIEW 469 n + bussbar
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HISTORICAL OVERVIEW 471 array [33].
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HISTORICAL OVERVIEW 473 Solar radia
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OPTICS OF CONCENTRATORS 475 q max,
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OPTICS OF CONCENTRATORS 477 If r 1
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OPTICS OF CONCENTRATORS 479 r i Med
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OPTICS OF CONCENTRATORS 481 When θ
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OPTICS OF CONCENTRATORS 483 filled
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OPTICS OF CONCENTRATORS 485 q i q i
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OPTICS OF CONCENTRATORS 487 For lar
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OPTICS OF CONCENTRATORS 489 on a co
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OPTICS OF CONCENTRATORS 491 gleaned
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OPTICS OF CONCENTRATORS 493 Solar c
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CURRENT CONCENTRATOR ACTIVITIES 495
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REFERENCES 501 11. Boes E, “Photo
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REFERENCES 503 60. Uematsu T et al.
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506 AMORPHOUS SILICON-BASED SOLAR C
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13 Cu(InGa)Se 2 Solar Cells William
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INTRODUCTION 569 CdS. The latter en
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MATERIAL PROPERTIES 571 Even though
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MATERIAL PROPERTIES 573 800 d 785 T
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MATERIAL PROPERTIES 575 3.2 x = 0.2
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MATERIAL PROPERTIES 577 1µm Figure
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DEPOSITION METHODS 579 though other
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DEPOSITION METHODS 581 much higher
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DEPOSITION METHODS 583 in the tempe
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JUNCTION AND DEVICE FORMATION 585 f
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JUNCTION AND DEVICE FORMATION 587 0
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JUNCTION AND DEVICE FORMATION 589 T
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JUNCTION AND DEVICE FORMATION 591 d
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DEVICE OPERATION 593 the voltage. F
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DEVICE OPERATION 595 1.0 0.8 500 80
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DEVICE OPERATION 597 1.4 V OC [Volt
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DEVICE OPERATION 599 13.5.3 The Cu(
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DEVICE OPERATION 601 Table 13.5 Hig
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MANUFACTURING ISSUES 603 can well f
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MANUFACTURING ISSUES 605 P1 P1 Mo G
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MANUFACTURING ISSUES 607 Finally, f
Page 629 and 630:
THE Cu(InGa)Se 2 OUTLOOK 609 active
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REFERENCES 611 With all these chall
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REFERENCES 613 81. Stolt L, Hedstr
Page 635 and 636:
REFERENCES 615 168. Fahrenbruch A,
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14 Cadmium Telluride Solar Cells Br
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INTRODUCTION 619 In contrast to p/n
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CdTe PROPERTIES AND THIN-FILM FABRI
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CdTe THIN-FILM SOLAR CELLS 631 orie
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CdTe THIN-FILM SOLAR CELLS 633 14.3
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CdTe THIN-FILM SOLAR CELLS 635 CdTe
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CdTe THIN-FILM SOLAR CELLS 639 800
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CdTe THIN-FILM SOLAR CELLS 641 10
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CdTe THIN-FILM SOLAR CELLS 645 forw
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CdTe THIN-FILM SOLAR CELLS 647 30 R
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CdTe THIN-FILM SOLAR CELLS 649 The
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CdTe MODULES 651 14.4 CdTe MODULES
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THE FUTURE OF CdTe-BASED SOLAR CELL
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THE FUTURE OF CdTe-BASED SOLAR CELL
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REFERENCES 657 This chapter has sho
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REFERENCES 659 60. Wei S, Mtg. Reco
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REFERENCES 661 152. McCandless B, Q
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15 Dye-sensitized Solar Cells Kohji
Page 685 and 686: INTRODUCTION TO DYE-SENSITIZED SOLA
Page 699 and 700: DSSC FABRICATION (η = 8%) 679 alko
Page 701 and 702: DSSC FABRICATION (η = 8%) 681 15.2
Page 703 and 704: NEW DEVELOPMENTS 683 of highly effi
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Page 708 and 709: NEW DEVELOPMENTS 687 photosensitize
Page 710 and 711: NEW DEVELOPMENTS 689 of these ionic
Page 712 and 713: APPROACH TO COMMERCIALIZATION 691 1
Page 714: Institute and reference Table 15.3
Page 717 and 718: SUMMARY AND PROSPECTS 695 Chemicals
Page 719 and 720: REFERENCES 697 4. Dare-Edwards M et
Page 721 and 722: REFERENCES 699 96. Tennakone K, Kum
Page 723 and 724: 16 Measurement and Characterization
Page 725 and 726: RATING PV PERFORMANCE 703 Spectral
Page 727: λ [nm] Table 16.3 AM0 standard sol
Page 731: 171.5 7.01E − 1 372.5 1074 573.5
Page 735: 228.5 52.940 429.5 1501 630.7 1682
Page 741 and 742: 712 MEASUREMENT AND CHARACTERIZATIO
Page 783 and 784: 754 PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEMS Off-grid p
Page 785 and 786: 756 PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEMS 17.2.1.1 C
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758 PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEMS operates r
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760 PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEMS Appliances
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762 PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEMS digital ra
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764 PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEMS Figure 17.
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766 PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEMS ..... = ~
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772 PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEMS Costs of s
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774 PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEMS redemption
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778 PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEMS 1800 1600
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782 PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEMS weather st
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786 PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEMS State of c
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788 PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEMS The charge
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790 PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEMS However, t
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792 PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEMS operate co
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794 PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEMS Table 17.3
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796 PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEMS developed
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798 PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEMS 9. Preiser
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800 ELECTROCHEMICAL STORAGE FOR PHO
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864 POWER CONDITIONING FOR PHOTOVOL
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20 Energy Collected and Delivered b
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MOVEMENT BETWEEN SUN AND EARTH 907
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SOLAR RADIATION COMPONENTS 913 Extr
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SOLAR RADIATION DATA AND UNCERTAINT
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RADIATION ON INCLINED SURFACES 921
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DIURNAL VARIATIONS OF THE AMBIENT T
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EFFECTS OF THE ANGLE OF INCIDENCE A
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SOME CALCULATION TOOLS 937 The last
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SOME CALCULATION TOOLS 939 80 60 El
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IRRADIATION ON MOST WIDELY STUDIED
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PV GENERATOR BEHAVIOUR UNDER REAL O
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RELIABILITY AND SIZING OF STAND-ALO
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THE CASE OF SOLAR HOME SYSTEMS 963
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ENERGY YIELD OF GRID-CONNECTED PV S
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REFERENCES 967 information is the 1
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REFERENCES 969 43. Kaiser R, Reise
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21 Economic Analysis and Environmen
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ECONOMIC ANALYSIS 973 it come from.
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ECONOMIC ANALYSIS 975 and the futur
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ECONOMIC ANALYSIS 977 When Figure 2
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ECONOMIC ANALYSIS 979 present worth
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ECONOMIC ANALYSIS 981 System design
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ECONOMIC ANALYSIS 983 annual volume
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ECONOMIC ANALYSIS 985 technology, a
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ECONOMIC ANALYSIS 987 5 4.48 Requir
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ECONOMIC ANALYSIS 989 technologies.
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ECONOMIC ANALYSIS 991 Table 21.4 Fr
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ECONOMIC ANALYSIS 993 Table 21.5 To
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ECONOMIC ANALYSIS 995 Table 21.7 Ga
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ENERGY PAYBACK AND AIR POLLUTION RE
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PROSPECTS FOR THE FUTURE 999 produc
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PROSPECTS FOR THE FUTURE 1001 produ
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REFERENCES 1003 REFERENCES 1. Smith
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1006 PV IN ARCHITECTURE building fa
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1008 PV IN ARCHITECTURE by adding a
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1010 PV IN ARCHITECTURE Figure 22.5
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1012 PV IN ARCHITECTURE the market
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1014 PV IN ARCHITECTURE Summer Wint
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1034 PV IN ARCHITECTURE Table 22.1
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1036 PV IN ARCHITECTURE 22.4 STEPS
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1038 PV IN ARCHITECTURE and avoid a
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1040 PV IN ARCHITECTURE responsible
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1042 PV IN ARCHITECTURE 31. Reijeng
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1044 PHOTOVOLTAICS AND DEVELOPMENT
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24 Financing PV Growth Michael T. E
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CAPITAL REQUIREMENTS 1075 24.2 CAPI
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FINANCIAL CHARACTERISTICS OF PV 107
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FINANCING PV FOR GRID-CONNECTED RES
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FINANCING PV FOR GRID-CONNECTED RES
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FINANCING PV IN RURAL AREAS OF DEVE
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FINANCING PV IN RURAL AREAS OF DEVE
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SOURCES OF INTERNATIONAL FINANCING
Page 1116 and 1117:
SOURCES OF INTERNATIONAL FINANCING
Page 1118 and 1119:
FINANCING THE PV INDUSTRY 1091 In 2
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GOVERNMENT INCENTIVES AND PROGRAMS
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GOVERNMENT INCENTIVES AND PROGRAMS
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FUNDING GOVERNMENT RESEARCH AND DEV
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FUNDING GOVERNMENT RESEARCH AND DEV
Page 1128 and 1129:
INTERNATIONAL/GLOBAL 1101 Global En
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INTERNATIONAL/GLOBAL 1103 SDF provi
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EUROPE 1105 Country: Netherlands Ph
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EUROPE 1107 Address: Bremerholm 4,
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UNITED STATES 1109 Contact: William
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ASIA 1111 US Agency for Internation
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ASIA 1113 Address: H.O. Post Box No
Page 1142 and 1143:
REFERENCES 1115 10. Regional Econom
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Index Terms Links atomic structure
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Index Terms Links cell efficiencies
Page 1148 and 1149:
Index Terms Links in multicrystalli
Page 1150 and 1151:
Index Terms Links design criteria 8
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Index Terms Links crystal growth te
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Index Terms Links processes 602 603
Page 1156 and 1157:
Index Terms Links direct current (D
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Index Terms Links key concepts 973
Page 1160 and 1161:
Index Terms Links energy band model
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Index Terms Links flooded batteries
Page 1164 and 1165:
Index Terms Links government fundin
Page 1166 and 1167:
Index Terms Links high specific pow
Page 1168 and 1169:
Index Terms Links IT Power India Pv
Page 1170 and 1171:
Index Terms Links Malaprabha Gramee
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Index Terms Links N n-type material
Page 1174 and 1175:
Index Terms Links phosphorus diffus
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Index Terms Links overview 753 754
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Index Terms Links realistic reporti
Page 1180 and 1181:
Index Terms Links secondary optical
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Index Terms Links in chemistry 159
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Index Terms Links Solar Cells and O
Page 1186 and 1187:
Index Terms Links Spectrolab Spectr
Page 1188 and 1189:
Index Terms Links texturing 269 273
Page 1190 and 1191:
Index Terms Links Typical Meteorolo
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