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λ [nm] E(λ) [Wm −2 µm −1 ] λ [nm] E(λ) [Wm −2 µm −1 ] λ [nm] E(λ) [Wm −2 µm −1 ] λ [nm] Table 16.3 E(λ) [Wm −2 µm −1 ] λ [nm] (continued) E(λ) [Wm −2 µm −1 ] λ [nm] E(λ) [Wm −2 µm −1 ] λ [nm] E(λ) [Wm −2 µm −1 ] λ [nm] E(λ) [Wm −2 µm −1 ] λ [nm] E(λ) [Wm −2 µm −1 ] 200.5 7.47E + 0 401.5 1780 602.1 1740 848.0 1003.0 1250 446.5 1652 222.8 2054 104.7 2456 52.76 7700 0.688 201.5 8.18E + 0 402.5 1793 603.1 1784 850.0 967.0 1252 439.6 1654 224.8 2056 104.7 2458 52.11 7750 0.671 202.5 8.42E + 0 403.5 1716 604.1 1797 852.0 957.1 1254 441.3 1656 224.5 2058 104.0 2460 53.62 7800 0.654 203.5 9.39E + 0 404.5 1706 605.1 1791 854.0 867.9 1256 438.4 1658 224.3 2060 102.0 2462 53.43 7850 0.638 204.5 10.450 405.5 1699 606.1 1772 856.0 939.2 1258 436.8 1660 221.9 2062 103.9 2464 53.40 7900 0.623 205.5 10.740 406.5 1619 607.1 1776 858.0 984.8 1260 436.9 1662 222.6 2064 99.7 2466 53.12 7950 0.608 206.5 11.290 407.5 1659 608.0 1751 860.0 959.0 1262 433.6 1664 221.1 2066 103.1 2468 53.06 8000 0.593 207.5 12.900 408.5 1768 609.0 1740 862.0 975.9 1264 432.2 1666 217.7 2068 102.3 2470 51.39 8050 0.579 208.5 15.340 409.5 1747 610.0 1728 864.0 912.5 1266 430.7 1668 214.5 2070 100.3 2472 52.84 8100 0.565 209.5 21.790 410.5 1561 611.0 1740 866.0 878.8 1268 424.0 1670 219.8 2072 101.2 2474 51.77 8150 0.552 210.5 28.450 411.5 1849 612.0 1730 868.0 953.1 1270 430.4 1672 210.8 2074 101.7 2476 52.51 8200 0.539 211.5 34.180 412.5 1820 613.0 1720 870.0 951.1 1272 428.7 1674 215.6 2076 101.3 2478 52.12 8250 0.527 212.5 31.900 413.5 1786 614.0 1685 872.0 944.2 1274 424.5 1676 208.5 2078 101.0 2480 49.95 8300 0.514 213.5 33.790 414.5 1766 615.0 1712 874.0 947.1 1276 426.0 1678 211.7 2080 98.7 2482 49.96 8350 0.503 214.5 40.800 415.5 1763 616.0 1661 876.0 949.1 1278 423.6 1680 202.0 2082 99.9 2484 51.60 8400 0.491 215.5 36.840 416.5 1874 616.9 1644 878.0 925.3 1280 416.7 1682 198.6 2084 98.0 2486 49.72 8450 0.480 216.5 32.890 417.5 1693 617.9 1700 880.0 926.3 1282 373.2 1684 207.8 2086 99.5 2488 51.24 8500 0.469 217.5 35.960 418.5 1713 618.9 1699 882.0 914.5 1284 408.6 1686 208.6 2088 99.1 2490 51.23 8550 0.459 218.5 45.220 419.5 1730 619.9 1715 884.0 928.3 1286 413.1 1688 208.3 2090 98.9 2492 51.06 8600 0.448 219.5 47.820 420.5 1788 620.9 1727 886.0 913.5 1288 413.7 1690 206.4 2092 95.6 2494 50.48 8650 0.438 220.5 48.240 421.5 1828 621.9 1698 888.0 915.4 1290 409.5 1692 209.8 2094 96.5 2496 50.64 8700 0.429 221.5 40.330 422.5 1609 622.9 1697 890.0 911.5 1292 412.3 1694 208.4 2096 96.1 2498 50.45 8750 0.419 222.5 50.600 423.5 1740 624.8 1664 892.0 902.6 1294 409.3 1696 207.7 2098 96.8 2500 50.61 8800 0.410 223.5 64.220 424.5 1798 625.8 1662 894.0 905.5 1296 411.4 1698 206.8 2100 96.7 2520 49.22 8850 0.401 224.5 60.100 425.5 1724 626.8 1709 896.0 910.5 1298 406.5 1700 203.4 2102 96.3 2540 47.82 8900 0.393 225.5 53.290 426.5 1727 627.8 1715 898.0 885.7 1300 408.3 1702 201.8 2104 96.4 2560 46.46 8950 0.384 226.5 40.160 427.5 1596 628.8 1712 900.0 880.8 1302 403.2 1704 202.1 2106 96.4 2580 45.15 9000 0.376 227.5 40.690 428.5 1614 629.8 1685 902.0 882.7 1304 400.4 1706 202.4 2108 95.9 2600 43.89 9050 0.368
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Handbook of Photovoltaic Science an
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We dedicate this book to all those
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xxiv LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS Phone: +1
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xxvi LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS 28040 Mad
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Contents List of Contributors xxiii
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CONTENTS ix 4.3.1 The Balance Equat
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CONTENTS xi 7.4 Manufacturing Proce
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CONTENTS xiii 9.8 Future-generation
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CONTENTS xv 12.1.2 Designs for Amor
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CONTENTS xvii 14.3.3 CdS/CdTe Inter
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CONTENTS xix 18.2.2 Batteries with
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CONTENTS xxi 22.2 PV in Architectur
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1 Status, Trends, Challenges and th
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WHAT IS PHOTOVOLTAICS? 3 1.2 WHAT I
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SIX MYTHS OF PHOTOVOLTAICS 5 Sunlig
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SIX MYTHS OF PHOTOVOLTAICS 7 of 10
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SIX MYTHS OF PHOTOVOLTAICS 9 2500 W
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HISTORY OF PHOTOVOLTAICS 11 the maj
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HISTORY OF PHOTOVOLTAICS 13 the USA
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PV COSTS, MARKETS AND FORECASTS 15
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PV COSTS, MARKETS AND FORECASTS 17
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GOALS OF PV RESEARCH AND MANUFACTUR
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GLOBAL TRENDS IN PERFORMANCE AND AP
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CRYSTALLINE SILICON PROGRESS AND CH
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CRYSTALLINE SILICON PROGRESS AND CH
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THIN FILM PROGRESS AND CHALLENGES 2
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THIN FILM PROGRESS AND CHALLENGES 2
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CONCENTRATION PV SYSTEMS 31 reality
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BALANCE OF SYSTEMS 33 Percentage of
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BALANCE OF SYSTEMS 35 Total capital
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FUTURE OF EMERGING PV TECHNOLOGIES
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CONCLUSIONS 39 Yet, in all these al
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REFERENCES 41 the other hand, hybri
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REFERENCES 43 69. Mickelson R, Chen
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46 MOTIVATION FOR PV APPLICATION AN
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62 THE PHYSICS OF THE SOLAR CELL Su
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64 THE PHYSICS OF THE SOLAR CELL 3.
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66 THE PHYSICS OF THE SOLAR CELL E
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72 THE PHYSICS OF THE SOLAR CELL an
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74 THE PHYSICS OF THE SOLAR CELL pr
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76 THE PHYSICS OF THE SOLAR CELL No
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80 THE PHYSICS OF THE SOLAR CELL El
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82 THE PHYSICS OF THE SOLAR CELL wh
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84 THE PHYSICS OF THE SOLAR CELL n
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86 THE PHYSICS OF THE SOLAR CELL Th
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88 THE PHYSICS OF THE SOLAR CELL Th
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94 THE PHYSICS OF THE SOLAR CELL Ta
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96 THE PHYSICS OF THE SOLAR CELL cu
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100 THE PHYSICS OF THE SOLAR CELL 5
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102 THE PHYSICS OF THE SOLAR CELL I
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106 THE PHYSICS OF THE SOLAR CELL T
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108 THE PHYSICS OF THE SOLAR CELL S
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114 THEORETICAL LIMITS OF PHOTOVOLT
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5 Solar Grade Silicon Feedstock Bru
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SILICON 155 faces of silicon are (1
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SILICON 157 powder in the presence
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SILICON 159 5.2.4.1.2 Wrought alloy
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PRODUCTION OF METALLURGICAL GRADE S
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PRODUCTION OF SEMICONDUCTOR GRADE S
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CURRENT SILICON FEEDSTOCK TO SOLAR
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CURRENT SILICON FEEDSTOCK TO SOLAR
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REQUIREMENTS OF SILICON FOR CRYSTAL
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ROUTES TO SOLAR GRADE SILICON 193 c
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ROUTES TO SOLAR GRADE SILICON 195 c
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ROUTES TO SOLAR GRADE SILICON 197 d
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ROUTES TO SOLAR GRADE SILICON 199 d
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CONCLUSIONS 201 2. Another German c
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REFERENCES 203 34. Fischler S, J. A
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6 Bulk Crystal Growth and Wafering
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BULK MONOCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL 207 b
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BULK MONOCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL 209 (
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BULK MONOCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL 211 O
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BULK MONOCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL 213 8
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BULK MULTICRYSTALLINE SILICON 215 I
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BULK MULTICRYSTALLINE SILICON 217 1
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BULK MULTICRYSTALLINE SILICON 219 b
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BULK MULTICRYSTALLINE SILICON 221 L
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WAFERING 223 This in turn verifies
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WAFERING 225 suspension of hard gri
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WAFERING 227 tips, they can exert v
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WAFERING 229 6.4.3 Wafer Quality an
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SILICON RIBBON AND FOIL PRODUCTION
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NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF CRYSTAL GR
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CONCLUSIONS 251 the supercooling de
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REFERENCES 253 28. Sahoo R et al.,
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7 Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells a
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CRYSTALLINE SILICON AS A PHOTOVOLTA
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CRYSTALLINE SILICON SOLAR CELLS 259
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MANUFACTURING PROCESS 271 The most
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MANUFACTURING PROCESS 273 3. Textur
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MANUFACTURING PROCESS 275 materials
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MANUFACTURING PROCESS 277 nearly 50
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MANUFACTURING PROCESS 279 Figure 7.
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VARIATIONS TO THE BASIC PROCESS 281
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MULTICRYSTALLINE CELLS 283 of defec
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MULTICRYSTALLINE CELLS 285 better s
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MULTICRYSTALLINE CELLS 287 Figure 7
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OTHER INDUSTRIAL APPROACHES 289 TCO
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CRYSTALLINE SILICON PHOTOVOLTAIC MO
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CRYSTALLINE SILICON PHOTOVOLTAIC MO
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ELECTRICAL AND OPTICAL PERFORMANCE
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FIELD PERFORMANCE OF MODULES 301 7.
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REFERENCES 303 REFERENCES 1. Luque
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REFERENCES 305 75. Lenkeit B et al.
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8 Thin-film Silicon Solar Cells Bhu
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INTRODUCTION 309 Open circuit volta
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A REVIEW OF CURRENT THIN-FILM SI CE
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Page 342:
CVD Excimer laser crystallization U
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n-type silicon (0.2 µm) p-type sil
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DESIGN CONCEPTS OF TF-SI SOLAR CELL
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CONCLUSION 353 Introduction of H af
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REFERENCES 355 17. Kamins T, Ed, Po
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REFERENCES 357 98. Symko M, Sopori
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360 HIGH-EFFICIENCY III-V MULTIJUNC
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10 Space Solar Cells and Arrays She
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THE HISTORY OF SPACE SOLAR CELLS 41
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THE CHALLENGE FOR SPACE SOLAR CELLS
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SILICON SOLAR CELLS 425 Figure 10.7
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III-V SOLAR CELLS 427 n+-GaAs n-AlI
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III-V SOLAR CELLS 429 missions with
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SPACE SOLAR ARRAYS 431 supported af
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SPACE SOLAR ARRAYS 433 JPL-25888AC
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SPACE SOLAR ARRAYS 435 Figure 10.13
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SPACE SOLAR ARRAYS 437 Figure 10.15
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SPACE SOLAR ARRAYS 439 0.31 Astrono
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FUTURE CELL AND ARRAY POSSIBILITIES
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FUTURE CELL AND ARRAY POSSIBILITIES
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POWER SYSTEM FIGURES OF MERIT 445 A
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REFERENCES 447 8. Statler R, Curtin
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11 Photovoltaic Concentrators Richa
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INTRODUCTION 451 markets most often
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BASIC TYPES OF CONCENTRATORS 453 ha
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BASIC TYPES OF CONCENTRATORS 455 is
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BASIC TYPES OF CONCENTRATORS 457 sk
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BASIC TYPES OF CONCENTRATORS 459 Ho
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HISTORICAL OVERVIEW 461 thereafter.
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HISTORICAL OVERVIEW 463 Figure 11.6
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HISTORICAL OVERVIEW 465 production
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HISTORICAL OVERVIEW 467 Figure 11.1
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HISTORICAL OVERVIEW 469 n + bussbar
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HISTORICAL OVERVIEW 471 array [33].
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HISTORICAL OVERVIEW 473 Solar radia
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OPTICS OF CONCENTRATORS 475 q max,
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OPTICS OF CONCENTRATORS 477 If r 1
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OPTICS OF CONCENTRATORS 479 r i Med
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OPTICS OF CONCENTRATORS 481 When θ
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OPTICS OF CONCENTRATORS 483 filled
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OPTICS OF CONCENTRATORS 485 q i q i
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OPTICS OF CONCENTRATORS 487 For lar
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OPTICS OF CONCENTRATORS 489 on a co
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OPTICS OF CONCENTRATORS 491 gleaned
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OPTICS OF CONCENTRATORS 493 Solar c
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CURRENT CONCENTRATOR ACTIVITIES 495
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REFERENCES 501 11. Boes E, “Photo
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REFERENCES 503 60. Uematsu T et al.
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506 AMORPHOUS SILICON-BASED SOLAR C
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13 Cu(InGa)Se 2 Solar Cells William
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INTRODUCTION 569 CdS. The latter en
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MATERIAL PROPERTIES 571 Even though
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MATERIAL PROPERTIES 573 800 d 785 T
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MATERIAL PROPERTIES 575 3.2 x = 0.2
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MATERIAL PROPERTIES 577 1µm Figure
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DEPOSITION METHODS 579 though other
Page 601 and 602:
DEPOSITION METHODS 581 much higher
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DEPOSITION METHODS 583 in the tempe
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JUNCTION AND DEVICE FORMATION 585 f
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JUNCTION AND DEVICE FORMATION 587 0
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JUNCTION AND DEVICE FORMATION 589 T
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JUNCTION AND DEVICE FORMATION 591 d
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DEVICE OPERATION 593 the voltage. F
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DEVICE OPERATION 595 1.0 0.8 500 80
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DEVICE OPERATION 597 1.4 V OC [Volt
Page 619 and 620:
DEVICE OPERATION 599 13.5.3 The Cu(
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DEVICE OPERATION 601 Table 13.5 Hig
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MANUFACTURING ISSUES 603 can well f
Page 625 and 626:
MANUFACTURING ISSUES 605 P1 P1 Mo G
Page 627 and 628:
MANUFACTURING ISSUES 607 Finally, f
Page 629 and 630:
THE Cu(InGa)Se 2 OUTLOOK 609 active
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REFERENCES 611 With all these chall
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REFERENCES 613 81. Stolt L, Hedstr
Page 635 and 636:
REFERENCES 615 168. Fahrenbruch A,
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14 Cadmium Telluride Solar Cells Br
Page 639 and 640:
INTRODUCTION 619 In contrast to p/n
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CdTe PROPERTIES AND THIN-FILM FABRI
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CdTe THIN-FILM SOLAR CELLS 631 orie
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CdTe THIN-FILM SOLAR CELLS 633 14.3
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CdTe THIN-FILM SOLAR CELLS 635 CdTe
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CdTe THIN-FILM SOLAR CELLS 639 800
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CdTe THIN-FILM SOLAR CELLS 641 10
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CdTe THIN-FILM SOLAR CELLS 645 forw
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CdTe THIN-FILM SOLAR CELLS 647 30 R
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CdTe THIN-FILM SOLAR CELLS 649 The
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CdTe MODULES 651 14.4 CdTe MODULES
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THE FUTURE OF CdTe-BASED SOLAR CELL
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THE FUTURE OF CdTe-BASED SOLAR CELL
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REFERENCES 657 This chapter has sho
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REFERENCES 659 60. Wei S, Mtg. Reco
Page 681 and 682: REFERENCES 661 152. McCandless B, Q
Page 683 and 684: 15 Dye-sensitized Solar Cells Kohji
Page 685 and 686: INTRODUCTION TO DYE-SENSITIZED SOLA
Page 699 and 700: DSSC FABRICATION (η = 8%) 679 alko
Page 701 and 702: DSSC FABRICATION (η = 8%) 681 15.2
Page 703 and 704: NEW DEVELOPMENTS 683 of highly effi
Page 706 and 707: NEW DEVELOPMENTS 685 HOOC COOH HOOC
Page 708 and 709: NEW DEVELOPMENTS 687 photosensitize
Page 710 and 711: NEW DEVELOPMENTS 689 of these ionic
Page 712 and 713: APPROACH TO COMMERCIALIZATION 691 1
Page 714: Institute and reference Table 15.3
Page 717 and 718: SUMMARY AND PROSPECTS 695 Chemicals
Page 719 and 720: REFERENCES 697 4. Dare-Edwards M et
Page 721 and 722: REFERENCES 699 96. Tennakone K, Kum
Page 723 and 724: 16 Measurement and Characterization
Page 725 and 726: RATING PV PERFORMANCE 703 Spectral
Page 727: λ [nm] Table 16.3 AM0 standard sol
Page 731: 171.5 7.01E − 1 372.5 1074 573.5
Page 737: λ [nm] E(λ) [Wm −2 µm −1 ]
Page 741 and 742: 712 MEASUREMENT AND CHARACTERIZATIO
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754 PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEMS Off-grid p
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756 PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEMS 17.2.1.1 C
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758 PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEMS operates r
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760 PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEMS Appliances
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762 PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEMS digital ra
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764 PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEMS Figure 17.
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766 PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEMS ..... = ~
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772 PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEMS Costs of s
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774 PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEMS redemption
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778 PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEMS 1800 1600
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782 PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEMS weather st
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786 PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEMS State of c
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788 PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEMS The charge
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790 PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEMS However, t
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792 PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEMS operate co
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794 PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEMS Table 17.3
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796 PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEMS developed
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798 PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEMS 9. Preiser
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800 ELECTROCHEMICAL STORAGE FOR PHO
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864 POWER CONDITIONING FOR PHOTOVOL
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20 Energy Collected and Delivered b
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MOVEMENT BETWEEN SUN AND EARTH 907
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SOLAR RADIATION COMPONENTS 913 Extr
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SOLAR RADIATION DATA AND UNCERTAINT
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RADIATION ON INCLINED SURFACES 921
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DIURNAL VARIATIONS OF THE AMBIENT T
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EFFECTS OF THE ANGLE OF INCIDENCE A
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SOME CALCULATION TOOLS 937 The last
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SOME CALCULATION TOOLS 939 80 60 El
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IRRADIATION ON MOST WIDELY STUDIED
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PV GENERATOR BEHAVIOUR UNDER REAL O
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RELIABILITY AND SIZING OF STAND-ALO
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THE CASE OF SOLAR HOME SYSTEMS 963
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ENERGY YIELD OF GRID-CONNECTED PV S
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REFERENCES 967 information is the 1
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REFERENCES 969 43. Kaiser R, Reise
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21 Economic Analysis and Environmen
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ECONOMIC ANALYSIS 973 it come from.
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ECONOMIC ANALYSIS 975 and the futur
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ECONOMIC ANALYSIS 977 When Figure 2
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ECONOMIC ANALYSIS 979 present worth
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ECONOMIC ANALYSIS 981 System design
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ECONOMIC ANALYSIS 983 annual volume
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ECONOMIC ANALYSIS 985 technology, a
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ECONOMIC ANALYSIS 987 5 4.48 Requir
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ECONOMIC ANALYSIS 989 technologies.
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ECONOMIC ANALYSIS 991 Table 21.4 Fr
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ECONOMIC ANALYSIS 993 Table 21.5 To
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ECONOMIC ANALYSIS 995 Table 21.7 Ga
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ENERGY PAYBACK AND AIR POLLUTION RE
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PROSPECTS FOR THE FUTURE 999 produc
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PROSPECTS FOR THE FUTURE 1001 produ
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REFERENCES 1003 REFERENCES 1. Smith
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1006 PV IN ARCHITECTURE building fa
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1008 PV IN ARCHITECTURE by adding a
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1010 PV IN ARCHITECTURE Figure 22.5
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1012 PV IN ARCHITECTURE the market
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1014 PV IN ARCHITECTURE Summer Wint
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1034 PV IN ARCHITECTURE Table 22.1
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1036 PV IN ARCHITECTURE 22.4 STEPS
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1038 PV IN ARCHITECTURE and avoid a
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1040 PV IN ARCHITECTURE responsible
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1042 PV IN ARCHITECTURE 31. Reijeng
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1044 PHOTOVOLTAICS AND DEVELOPMENT
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24 Financing PV Growth Michael T. E
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CAPITAL REQUIREMENTS 1075 24.2 CAPI
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FINANCIAL CHARACTERISTICS OF PV 107
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FINANCING PV FOR GRID-CONNECTED RES
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FINANCING PV FOR GRID-CONNECTED RES
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FINANCING PV IN RURAL AREAS OF DEVE
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FINANCING PV IN RURAL AREAS OF DEVE
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SOURCES OF INTERNATIONAL FINANCING
Page 1116 and 1117:
SOURCES OF INTERNATIONAL FINANCING
Page 1118 and 1119:
FINANCING THE PV INDUSTRY 1091 In 2
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GOVERNMENT INCENTIVES AND PROGRAMS
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GOVERNMENT INCENTIVES AND PROGRAMS
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FUNDING GOVERNMENT RESEARCH AND DEV
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FUNDING GOVERNMENT RESEARCH AND DEV
Page 1128 and 1129:
INTERNATIONAL/GLOBAL 1101 Global En
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INTERNATIONAL/GLOBAL 1103 SDF provi
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EUROPE 1105 Country: Netherlands Ph
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EUROPE 1107 Address: Bremerholm 4,
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UNITED STATES 1109 Contact: William
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ASIA 1111 US Agency for Internation
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ASIA 1113 Address: H.O. Post Box No
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REFERENCES 1115 10. Regional Econom
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Index Terms Links atomic structure
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Index Terms Links cell efficiencies
Page 1148 and 1149:
Index Terms Links in multicrystalli
Page 1150 and 1151:
Index Terms Links design criteria 8
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Index Terms Links crystal growth te
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Index Terms Links processes 602 603
Page 1156 and 1157:
Index Terms Links direct current (D
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Index Terms Links key concepts 973
Page 1160 and 1161:
Index Terms Links energy band model
Page 1162 and 1163:
Index Terms Links flooded batteries
Page 1164 and 1165:
Index Terms Links government fundin
Page 1166 and 1167:
Index Terms Links high specific pow
Page 1168 and 1169:
Index Terms Links IT Power India Pv
Page 1170 and 1171:
Index Terms Links Malaprabha Gramee
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Index Terms Links N n-type material
Page 1174 and 1175:
Index Terms Links phosphorus diffus
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Index Terms Links overview 753 754
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Index Terms Links realistic reporti
Page 1180 and 1181:
Index Terms Links secondary optical
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Index Terms Links in chemistry 159
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Index Terms Links Solar Cells and O
Page 1186 and 1187:
Index Terms Links Spectrolab Spectr
Page 1188 and 1189:
Index Terms Links texturing 269 273
Page 1190 and 1191:
Index Terms Links Typical Meteorolo
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