knjiga solarna energija dobra

36 SOLAR ELECTRICITY FROM PHOTOVOLTAICS
2.6
2.4
Module selling price (1985 $/Wp)
2.2
2
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1
a-Si:H
Dendritic
web Si
Cz-Si
500X
concentrator
a-Si:H/a-SiGe:H
0.8
0.6
5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25
Module efficiency
[%]
Figure 1.15 Effect of cell technology and efficiency on module price. (Source: Whisnant et al.
in Chapter 21)
Table 1.4 Annual performance and energy cost summary for central
station plants. Calculations for constant 1990$, for a 50 Mw p plant in
Central California, USA. Source Whisnant et al., Chapter 21
Fresnel
lens concentrator
CIS
Flat-plate
Energy output (MWh) 140 100 112 000
Capacity factor 32.0% 25.8%
Annual energy efficiency 18.8% 9.9%
Annual expenses ($10 6 )
Capital charge 16.69 11.95
Operation & maintenance expense 0.61 0.18
Total 17.30 12.13
30-YR Levelized energy cost ($/kWh)
Capital charge 0.119 0.106
Operation & maintenance costs 0.004 0.002
Total ($/kWh) 0.123 0.106
electricity. Photovoltaics is more than twice as expensive. However, this cost can be
attractive for a part of the electricity generated by a utility, such as when it meets peak
power demand.
For the end-user, the cost of the conventional electricity can be very similar to
the one in the table. The cost of installing a PV grid-connected system in a house or
building is not much more expensive than the centralized power plant presented in the
table but the marketing cost of this distributed residential product will increase the final
installation cost. It is to be stressed, that the costs used here are merely an indication