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171.5 7.01E − 1 372.5 1074 573.5 1908 790.0 1174.0 1192 494.5 1594 251.3 1996 115.7 2398 59.22 6250 1.542 172.5 7.39E − 1 373.5 937.8 574.5 1899 792.0 1149.0 1194 493.7 1596 241.0 1998 114.5 2400 58.33 6300 1.495 173.5 7.79E − 1 374.5 917.6 575.5 1862 794.0 1166.0 1196 486.2 1598 250.9 2000 115.9 2402 58.82 6350 1.450 174.5 9.24E − 1 375.5 1082 576.5 1878 796.0 1161.0 1198 464.1 1600 243.5 2002 114.6 2404 58.60 6400 1.407 175.5 1.10E + 0 376.5 1106 577.5 1889 798.0 1152.0 1200 476.9 1602 243.9 2004 113.7 2406 58.32 6450 1.365 176.5 1.24E + 0 377.5 1306 578.5 1814 800.0 1143.0 1202 486.2 1604 243.5 2006 113.4 2408 58.21 6500 1.325 177.5 1.43E + 0 378.5 1353 579.5 1860 802.0 1139.0 1204 466.6 1606 242.1 2008 114.5 2410 58.13 6550 1.286 178.5 1.57E + 0 379.5 1087 580.5 1870 804.0 1137.0 1206 480.8 1608 244.3 2010 113.9 2412 58.09 6600 1.249 179.5 1.61E + 0 380.5 1225 581.5 1885 806.0 1130.0 1208 458.7 1610 232.5 2012 113.4 2414 55.61 6650 1.213 180.5 1.87E + 0 381.5 1103 582.5 1905 808.0 1110.0 1210 468.9 1612 237.9 2014 112.5 2416 54.02 6700 1.178 181.5 2.28E + 0 382.5 806.5 583.5 1889 810.0 1095.0 1212 474.0 1614 240.5 2016 112.7 2418 56.76 6750 1.145 182.5 2.29E + 0 383.5 697.2 584.5 1892 812.0 1091.0 1214 474.8 1616 228.9 2018 112.3 2420 56.40 6800 1.112 183.5 2.29E + 0 384.5 978.1 585.5 1814 814.0 1110.0 1216 474.7 1618 240.2 2020 110.7 2422 56.59 6850 1.081 184.5 2.11E + 0 385.5 1028 586.5 1862 816.0 1080.0 1218 471.7 1620 230.9 2022 108.6 2424 56.16 6900 1.051 185.5 2.36E + 0 386.5 1026 587.5 1880 818.0 1076.0 1220 469.4 1622 235.6 2024 110.3 2426 56.11 6950 1.022 186.5 2.75E + 0 387.5 1023 588.5 1780 820.0 1069.0 1222 468.0 1624 238.6 2026 110.3 2428 56.05 7000 0.994 187.5 3.07E + 0 388.5 1003 589.5 1640 822.0 1053.0 1224 465.6 1626 237.7 2028 109.4 2430 56.28 7050 0.967 188.5 3.35E + 0 389.5 1196 590.5 1844 824.0 1072.0 1226 464.8 1628 239.7 2030 106.8 2432 55.96 7100 0.941 189.5 3.64E + 0 390.5 1271 591.5 1818 826.0 1068.0 1228 457.4 1630 235.9 2032 109.4 2434 55.49 7150 0.916 190.5 3.84E + 0 391.5 1367 592.5 1839 828.0 1060.0 1230 461.5 1632 234.7 2034 107.7 2436 54.93 7200 0.892 191.5 4.25E + 0 392.5 1039 593.5 1827 830.0 1033.0 1232 457.9 1634 231.9 2036 107.6 2438 54.89 7250 0.868 192.5 4.19E + 0 393.5 593.4 594.5 1804 832.0 1047.0 1234 457.2 1636 229.0 2038 104.7 2440 55.47 7300 0.845 193.5 3.88E + 0 394.5 1046 595.5 1813 834.0 1028.0 1236 456.4 1638 222.4 2040 107.7 2442 55.25 7350 0.823 194.5 5.31E + 0 395.5 1339 596.5 1836 836.0 1019.0 1238 456.5 1640 221.6 2042 106.9 2444 55.10 7400 0.802 195.5 5.53E + 0 396.5 870.9 597.5 1811 838.0 1038.0 1240 449.7 1642 221.1 2044 107.2 2446 53.86 7450 0.781 196.5 6.12E + 0 397.5 946.6 598.5 1788 840.0 1017.0 1242 448.5 1644 220.7 2046 106.9 2448 53.35 7500 0.761 197.5 6.31E + 0 398.5 1552 599.5 1805 842.0 1020.0 1244 446.4 1646 226.6 2048 105.9 2450 53.20 7550 0.742 198.5 6.31E + 0 399.5 1695 600.1 1786 844.0 990.7 1246 447.5 1648 226.9 2050 105.8 2452 53.13 7600 0.723 199.5 6.79E + 0 400.5 1714 601.1 1762 846.0 1001.0 1248 446.6 1650 222.3 2052 104.3 2454 53.73 7650 0.705 (continued overleaf )
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Handbook of Photovoltaic Science an
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We dedicate this book to all those
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xxiv LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS Phone: +1
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xxvi LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS 28040 Mad
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Contents List of Contributors xxiii
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CONTENTS ix 4.3.1 The Balance Equat
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CONTENTS xi 7.4 Manufacturing Proce
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CONTENTS xiii 9.8 Future-generation
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CONTENTS xv 12.1.2 Designs for Amor
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CONTENTS xvii 14.3.3 CdS/CdTe Inter
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CONTENTS xix 18.2.2 Batteries with
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CONTENTS xxi 22.2 PV in Architectur
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1 Status, Trends, Challenges and th
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WHAT IS PHOTOVOLTAICS? 3 1.2 WHAT I
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SIX MYTHS OF PHOTOVOLTAICS 5 Sunlig
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SIX MYTHS OF PHOTOVOLTAICS 7 of 10
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SIX MYTHS OF PHOTOVOLTAICS 9 2500 W
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HISTORY OF PHOTOVOLTAICS 11 the maj
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HISTORY OF PHOTOVOLTAICS 13 the USA
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PV COSTS, MARKETS AND FORECASTS 15
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PV COSTS, MARKETS AND FORECASTS 17
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GOALS OF PV RESEARCH AND MANUFACTUR
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GLOBAL TRENDS IN PERFORMANCE AND AP
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CRYSTALLINE SILICON PROGRESS AND CH
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CRYSTALLINE SILICON PROGRESS AND CH
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THIN FILM PROGRESS AND CHALLENGES 2
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THIN FILM PROGRESS AND CHALLENGES 2
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CONCENTRATION PV SYSTEMS 31 reality
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BALANCE OF SYSTEMS 33 Percentage of
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BALANCE OF SYSTEMS 35 Total capital
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FUTURE OF EMERGING PV TECHNOLOGIES
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CONCLUSIONS 39 Yet, in all these al
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REFERENCES 41 the other hand, hybri
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REFERENCES 43 69. Mickelson R, Chen
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46 MOTIVATION FOR PV APPLICATION AN
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62 THE PHYSICS OF THE SOLAR CELL Su
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64 THE PHYSICS OF THE SOLAR CELL 3.
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66 THE PHYSICS OF THE SOLAR CELL E
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72 THE PHYSICS OF THE SOLAR CELL an
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74 THE PHYSICS OF THE SOLAR CELL pr
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76 THE PHYSICS OF THE SOLAR CELL No
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80 THE PHYSICS OF THE SOLAR CELL El
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82 THE PHYSICS OF THE SOLAR CELL wh
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84 THE PHYSICS OF THE SOLAR CELL n
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86 THE PHYSICS OF THE SOLAR CELL Th
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88 THE PHYSICS OF THE SOLAR CELL Th
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94 THE PHYSICS OF THE SOLAR CELL Ta
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96 THE PHYSICS OF THE SOLAR CELL cu
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100 THE PHYSICS OF THE SOLAR CELL 5
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102 THE PHYSICS OF THE SOLAR CELL I
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106 THE PHYSICS OF THE SOLAR CELL T
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108 THE PHYSICS OF THE SOLAR CELL S
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114 THEORETICAL LIMITS OF PHOTOVOLT
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5 Solar Grade Silicon Feedstock Bru
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SILICON 155 faces of silicon are (1
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SILICON 157 powder in the presence
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SILICON 159 5.2.4.1.2 Wrought alloy
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PRODUCTION OF METALLURGICAL GRADE S
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PRODUCTION OF SEMICONDUCTOR GRADE S
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CURRENT SILICON FEEDSTOCK TO SOLAR
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CURRENT SILICON FEEDSTOCK TO SOLAR
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REQUIREMENTS OF SILICON FOR CRYSTAL
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ROUTES TO SOLAR GRADE SILICON 193 c
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ROUTES TO SOLAR GRADE SILICON 195 c
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ROUTES TO SOLAR GRADE SILICON 197 d
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ROUTES TO SOLAR GRADE SILICON 199 d
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CONCLUSIONS 201 2. Another German c
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REFERENCES 203 34. Fischler S, J. A
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6 Bulk Crystal Growth and Wafering
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BULK MONOCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL 207 b
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BULK MONOCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL 209 (
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BULK MONOCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL 211 O
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BULK MONOCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL 213 8
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BULK MULTICRYSTALLINE SILICON 215 I
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BULK MULTICRYSTALLINE SILICON 217 1
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BULK MULTICRYSTALLINE SILICON 219 b
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BULK MULTICRYSTALLINE SILICON 221 L
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WAFERING 223 This in turn verifies
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WAFERING 225 suspension of hard gri
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WAFERING 227 tips, they can exert v
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WAFERING 229 6.4.3 Wafer Quality an
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SILICON RIBBON AND FOIL PRODUCTION
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NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF CRYSTAL GR
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CONCLUSIONS 251 the supercooling de
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REFERENCES 253 28. Sahoo R et al.,
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7 Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells a
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CRYSTALLINE SILICON AS A PHOTOVOLTA
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CRYSTALLINE SILICON SOLAR CELLS 259
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MANUFACTURING PROCESS 271 The most
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MANUFACTURING PROCESS 273 3. Textur
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MANUFACTURING PROCESS 275 materials
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MANUFACTURING PROCESS 277 nearly 50
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MANUFACTURING PROCESS 279 Figure 7.
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VARIATIONS TO THE BASIC PROCESS 281
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MULTICRYSTALLINE CELLS 283 of defec
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MULTICRYSTALLINE CELLS 285 better s
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MULTICRYSTALLINE CELLS 287 Figure 7
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OTHER INDUSTRIAL APPROACHES 289 TCO
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CRYSTALLINE SILICON PHOTOVOLTAIC MO
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CRYSTALLINE SILICON PHOTOVOLTAIC MO
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ELECTRICAL AND OPTICAL PERFORMANCE
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FIELD PERFORMANCE OF MODULES 301 7.
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REFERENCES 303 REFERENCES 1. Luque
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REFERENCES 305 75. Lenkeit B et al.
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8 Thin-film Silicon Solar Cells Bhu
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INTRODUCTION 309 Open circuit volta
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A REVIEW OF CURRENT THIN-FILM SI CE
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CVD Excimer laser crystallization U
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n-type silicon (0.2 µm) p-type sil
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DESIGN CONCEPTS OF TF-SI SOLAR CELL
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CONCLUSION 353 Introduction of H af
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REFERENCES 355 17. Kamins T, Ed, Po
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REFERENCES 357 98. Symko M, Sopori
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360 HIGH-EFFICIENCY III-V MULTIJUNC
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10 Space Solar Cells and Arrays She
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THE HISTORY OF SPACE SOLAR CELLS 41
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THE CHALLENGE FOR SPACE SOLAR CELLS
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SILICON SOLAR CELLS 425 Figure 10.7
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III-V SOLAR CELLS 427 n+-GaAs n-AlI
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III-V SOLAR CELLS 429 missions with
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SPACE SOLAR ARRAYS 431 supported af
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SPACE SOLAR ARRAYS 433 JPL-25888AC
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SPACE SOLAR ARRAYS 435 Figure 10.13
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SPACE SOLAR ARRAYS 437 Figure 10.15
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SPACE SOLAR ARRAYS 439 0.31 Astrono
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FUTURE CELL AND ARRAY POSSIBILITIES
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FUTURE CELL AND ARRAY POSSIBILITIES
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POWER SYSTEM FIGURES OF MERIT 445 A
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REFERENCES 447 8. Statler R, Curtin
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11 Photovoltaic Concentrators Richa
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INTRODUCTION 451 markets most often
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BASIC TYPES OF CONCENTRATORS 453 ha
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BASIC TYPES OF CONCENTRATORS 455 is
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BASIC TYPES OF CONCENTRATORS 457 sk
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BASIC TYPES OF CONCENTRATORS 459 Ho
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HISTORICAL OVERVIEW 461 thereafter.
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HISTORICAL OVERVIEW 463 Figure 11.6
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HISTORICAL OVERVIEW 465 production
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HISTORICAL OVERVIEW 467 Figure 11.1
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HISTORICAL OVERVIEW 469 n + bussbar
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HISTORICAL OVERVIEW 471 array [33].
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HISTORICAL OVERVIEW 473 Solar radia
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OPTICS OF CONCENTRATORS 475 q max,
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OPTICS OF CONCENTRATORS 477 If r 1
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OPTICS OF CONCENTRATORS 479 r i Med
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OPTICS OF CONCENTRATORS 481 When θ
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OPTICS OF CONCENTRATORS 483 filled
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OPTICS OF CONCENTRATORS 485 q i q i
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OPTICS OF CONCENTRATORS 487 For lar
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OPTICS OF CONCENTRATORS 489 on a co
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OPTICS OF CONCENTRATORS 491 gleaned
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OPTICS OF CONCENTRATORS 493 Solar c
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CURRENT CONCENTRATOR ACTIVITIES 495
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REFERENCES 501 11. Boes E, “Photo
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REFERENCES 503 60. Uematsu T et al.
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506 AMORPHOUS SILICON-BASED SOLAR C
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13 Cu(InGa)Se 2 Solar Cells William
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INTRODUCTION 569 CdS. The latter en
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MATERIAL PROPERTIES 571 Even though
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MATERIAL PROPERTIES 573 800 d 785 T
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MATERIAL PROPERTIES 575 3.2 x = 0.2
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MATERIAL PROPERTIES 577 1µm Figure
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DEPOSITION METHODS 579 though other
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DEPOSITION METHODS 581 much higher
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DEPOSITION METHODS 583 in the tempe
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JUNCTION AND DEVICE FORMATION 585 f
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JUNCTION AND DEVICE FORMATION 587 0
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JUNCTION AND DEVICE FORMATION 589 T
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JUNCTION AND DEVICE FORMATION 591 d
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DEVICE OPERATION 593 the voltage. F
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DEVICE OPERATION 595 1.0 0.8 500 80
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DEVICE OPERATION 597 1.4 V OC [Volt
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DEVICE OPERATION 599 13.5.3 The Cu(
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DEVICE OPERATION 601 Table 13.5 Hig
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MANUFACTURING ISSUES 603 can well f
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MANUFACTURING ISSUES 605 P1 P1 Mo G
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MANUFACTURING ISSUES 607 Finally, f
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THE Cu(InGa)Se 2 OUTLOOK 609 active
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REFERENCES 611 With all these chall
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REFERENCES 613 81. Stolt L, Hedstr
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REFERENCES 615 168. Fahrenbruch A,
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14 Cadmium Telluride Solar Cells Br
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INTRODUCTION 619 In contrast to p/n
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CdTe PROPERTIES AND THIN-FILM FABRI
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CdTe THIN-FILM SOLAR CELLS 631 orie
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CdTe THIN-FILM SOLAR CELLS 633 14.3
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CdTe THIN-FILM SOLAR CELLS 635 CdTe
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CdTe THIN-FILM SOLAR CELLS 639 800
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CdTe THIN-FILM SOLAR CELLS 641 10
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CdTe THIN-FILM SOLAR CELLS 645 forw
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CdTe THIN-FILM SOLAR CELLS 647 30 R
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CdTe THIN-FILM SOLAR CELLS 649 The
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CdTe MODULES 651 14.4 CdTe MODULES
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THE FUTURE OF CdTe-BASED SOLAR CELL
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THE FUTURE OF CdTe-BASED SOLAR CELL
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REFERENCES 657 This chapter has sho
Page 679 and 680: REFERENCES 659 60. Wei S, Mtg. Reco
Page 681 and 682: REFERENCES 661 152. McCandless B, Q
Page 683 and 684: 15 Dye-sensitized Solar Cells Kohji
Page 685 and 686: INTRODUCTION TO DYE-SENSITIZED SOLA
Page 699 and 700: DSSC FABRICATION (η = 8%) 679 alko
Page 701 and 702: DSSC FABRICATION (η = 8%) 681 15.2
Page 703 and 704: NEW DEVELOPMENTS 683 of highly effi
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Page 708 and 709: NEW DEVELOPMENTS 687 photosensitize
Page 710 and 711: NEW DEVELOPMENTS 689 of these ionic
Page 712 and 713: APPROACH TO COMMERCIALIZATION 691 1
Page 714: Institute and reference Table 15.3
Page 717 and 718: SUMMARY AND PROSPECTS 695 Chemicals
Page 719 and 720: REFERENCES 697 4. Dare-Edwards M et
Page 721 and 722: REFERENCES 699 96. Tennakone K, Kum
Page 723 and 724: 16 Measurement and Characterization
Page 725 and 726: RATING PV PERFORMANCE 703 Spectral
Page 727: λ [nm] Table 16.3 AM0 standard sol
Page 733: λ [nm] E(λ) [Wm −2 µm −1 ]
Page 737: λ [nm] E(λ) [Wm −2 µm −1 ]
Page 741 and 742: 712 MEASUREMENT AND CHARACTERIZATIO
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752 MEASUREMENT AND CHARACTERIZATIO
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754 PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEMS Off-grid p
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756 PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEMS 17.2.1.1 C
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758 PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEMS operates r
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760 PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEMS Appliances
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762 PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEMS digital ra
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764 PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEMS Figure 17.
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766 PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEMS ..... = ~
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772 PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEMS Costs of s
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774 PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEMS redemption
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778 PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEMS 1800 1600
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782 PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEMS weather st
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786 PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEMS State of c
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788 PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEMS The charge
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790 PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEMS However, t
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792 PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEMS operate co
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794 PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEMS Table 17.3
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796 PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEMS developed
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798 PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEMS 9. Preiser
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800 ELECTROCHEMICAL STORAGE FOR PHO
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864 POWER CONDITIONING FOR PHOTOVOL
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20 Energy Collected and Delivered b
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MOVEMENT BETWEEN SUN AND EARTH 907
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SOLAR RADIATION COMPONENTS 913 Extr
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SOLAR RADIATION DATA AND UNCERTAINT
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RADIATION ON INCLINED SURFACES 921
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DIURNAL VARIATIONS OF THE AMBIENT T
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EFFECTS OF THE ANGLE OF INCIDENCE A
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SOME CALCULATION TOOLS 937 The last
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SOME CALCULATION TOOLS 939 80 60 El
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IRRADIATION ON MOST WIDELY STUDIED
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PV GENERATOR BEHAVIOUR UNDER REAL O
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RELIABILITY AND SIZING OF STAND-ALO
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THE CASE OF SOLAR HOME SYSTEMS 963
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ENERGY YIELD OF GRID-CONNECTED PV S
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REFERENCES 967 information is the 1
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REFERENCES 969 43. Kaiser R, Reise
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21 Economic Analysis and Environmen
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ECONOMIC ANALYSIS 973 it come from.
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ECONOMIC ANALYSIS 975 and the futur
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ECONOMIC ANALYSIS 977 When Figure 2
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ECONOMIC ANALYSIS 979 present worth
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ECONOMIC ANALYSIS 981 System design
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ECONOMIC ANALYSIS 983 annual volume
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ECONOMIC ANALYSIS 985 technology, a
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ECONOMIC ANALYSIS 987 5 4.48 Requir
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ECONOMIC ANALYSIS 989 technologies.
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ECONOMIC ANALYSIS 991 Table 21.4 Fr
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ECONOMIC ANALYSIS 993 Table 21.5 To
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ECONOMIC ANALYSIS 995 Table 21.7 Ga
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ENERGY PAYBACK AND AIR POLLUTION RE
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PROSPECTS FOR THE FUTURE 999 produc
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PROSPECTS FOR THE FUTURE 1001 produ
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REFERENCES 1003 REFERENCES 1. Smith
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1006 PV IN ARCHITECTURE building fa
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1008 PV IN ARCHITECTURE by adding a
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1010 PV IN ARCHITECTURE Figure 22.5
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1012 PV IN ARCHITECTURE the market
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1014 PV IN ARCHITECTURE Summer Wint
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1034 PV IN ARCHITECTURE Table 22.1
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1036 PV IN ARCHITECTURE 22.4 STEPS
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1038 PV IN ARCHITECTURE and avoid a
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1040 PV IN ARCHITECTURE responsible
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1042 PV IN ARCHITECTURE 31. Reijeng
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1044 PHOTOVOLTAICS AND DEVELOPMENT
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24 Financing PV Growth Michael T. E
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CAPITAL REQUIREMENTS 1075 24.2 CAPI
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FINANCIAL CHARACTERISTICS OF PV 107
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FINANCING PV FOR GRID-CONNECTED RES
Page 1108 and 1109:
FINANCING PV FOR GRID-CONNECTED RES
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FINANCING PV IN RURAL AREAS OF DEVE
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FINANCING PV IN RURAL AREAS OF DEVE
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SOURCES OF INTERNATIONAL FINANCING
Page 1116 and 1117:
SOURCES OF INTERNATIONAL FINANCING
Page 1118 and 1119:
FINANCING THE PV INDUSTRY 1091 In 2
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GOVERNMENT INCENTIVES AND PROGRAMS
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GOVERNMENT INCENTIVES AND PROGRAMS
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FUNDING GOVERNMENT RESEARCH AND DEV
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FUNDING GOVERNMENT RESEARCH AND DEV
Page 1128 and 1129:
INTERNATIONAL/GLOBAL 1101 Global En
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INTERNATIONAL/GLOBAL 1103 SDF provi
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EUROPE 1105 Country: Netherlands Ph
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EUROPE 1107 Address: Bremerholm 4,
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UNITED STATES 1109 Contact: William
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ASIA 1111 US Agency for Internation
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ASIA 1113 Address: H.O. Post Box No
Page 1142 and 1143:
REFERENCES 1115 10. Regional Econom
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Index Terms Links atomic structure
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Index Terms Links cell efficiencies
Page 1148 and 1149:
Index Terms Links in multicrystalli
Page 1150 and 1151:
Index Terms Links design criteria 8
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Index Terms Links crystal growth te
Page 1154 and 1155:
Index Terms Links processes 602 603
Page 1156 and 1157:
Index Terms Links direct current (D
Page 1158 and 1159:
Index Terms Links key concepts 973
Page 1160 and 1161:
Index Terms Links energy band model
Page 1162 and 1163:
Index Terms Links flooded batteries
Page 1164 and 1165:
Index Terms Links government fundin
Page 1166 and 1167:
Index Terms Links high specific pow
Page 1168 and 1169:
Index Terms Links IT Power India Pv
Page 1170 and 1171:
Index Terms Links Malaprabha Gramee
Page 1172 and 1173:
Index Terms Links N n-type material
Page 1174 and 1175:
Index Terms Links phosphorus diffus
Page 1176 and 1177:
Index Terms Links overview 753 754
Page 1178 and 1179:
Index Terms Links realistic reporti
Page 1180 and 1181:
Index Terms Links secondary optical
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Index Terms Links in chemistry 159
Page 1184 and 1185:
Index Terms Links Solar Cells and O
Page 1186 and 1187:
Index Terms Links Spectrolab Spectr
Page 1188 and 1189:
Index Terms Links texturing 269 273
Page 1190 and 1191:
Index Terms Links Typical Meteorolo
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