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λ [nm] E(λ) [Wm −2 µm −1 ] λ [nm] E(λ) [Wm −2 µm −1 ] λ [nm] E(λ) [Wm −2 µm −1 ] λ [nm] Table 16.3 E(λ) [Wm −2 µm −1 ] λ [nm] (continued) E(λ) [Wm −2 µm −1 ] λ [nm] E(λ) [Wm −2 µm −1 ] λ [nm] E(λ) [Wm −2 µm −1 ] λ [nm] E(λ) [Wm −2 µm −1 ] λ [nm] E(λ) [Wm −2 µm −1 ] 144.5 5.19E − 2 345.5 957.2 546.5 1911 743.5 1324.0 1138 534.1 1540 267.8 1942 126.0 2344 64.61 4960 3.754 145.5 5.64E − 2 346.5 944.1 547.5 1865 744.4 1309.0 1140 529.4 1542 270.3 1944 115.2 2346 64.23 4980 3.693 146.5 7.22E − 2 347.5 919 548.5 1895 745.4 1324.0 1142 531.8 1544 274.2 1946 113.6 2348 64.24 5000 3.633 147.5 8.65E − 2 348.5 914.4 549.5 1928 746.3 1316.0 1144 531.1 1546 273.6 1948 123.7 2350 64.13 5050 3.519 148.5 8.36E − 2 349.5 906.9 550.5 1894 747.3 1322.0 1146 538.2 1548 266.0 1950 123.5 2352 61.50 5100 3.387 149.5 8.11E − 2 350.5 1070 551.5 1903 748.2 1320.0 1148 533.9 1550 265.4 1952 119.8 2354 61.29 5150 3.261 150.5 8.86E − 2 351.5 998.3 552.5 1878 749.2 1297.0 1150 532.2 1552 268.9 1954 125.8 2356 62.34 5200 3.142 151.5 9.44E − 2 352.5 925.3 553.5 1914 750.1 1299.0 1152 529.2 1554 260.5 1956 125.0 2358 61.44 5250 3.028 152.5 1.19E − 1 353.5 1052 554.5 1931 752.0 1285.0 1154 531.3 1556 262.7 1958 124.7 2360 62.23 5300 2.919 153.5 1.32E − 1 354.5 1132 555.5 1930 754.0 1285.0 1156 526.4 1558 263.7 1960 123.7 2362 62.47 5350 2.814 154.5 2.10E − 1 355.5 1065 556.5 1853 756.0 1280.0 1158 525.4 1560 262.8 1962 122.6 2364 62.16 5400 2.715 155.5 2.19E − 1 356.5 929.8 557.5 1878 758.0 1271.0 1160 513.6 1562 264.5 1964 118.8 2366 62.07 5450 2.620 156.5 1.88E − 1 357.5 811.3 558.5 1818 760.0 1257.0 1162 506.8 1564 261.4 1966 120.7 2368 61.96 5500 2.529 157.5 1.75E − 1 358.5 706.9 559.5 1839 762.0 1260.0 1164 512.0 1566 257.5 1968 122.9 2370 61.18 5550 2.442 158.5 1.71E − 1 359.5 1010 560.5 1875 764.0 1243.0 1166 511.9 1568 256.2 1970 121.7 2372 61.47 5600 2.358 159.5 1.79E − 1 360.5 989.4 561.5 1856 766.0 1239.0 1168 513.9 1570 257.5 1972 117.9 2374 59.19 5650 2.279 160.5 1.97E − 1 361.5 895 562.5 1882 768.0 1224.0 1170 505.4 1572 258.9 1974 119.8 2376 61.03 5700 2.202 161.5 2.27E − 1 362.5 1017 563.5 1893 770.0 1215.0 1172 512.5 1574 253.4 1976 120.6 2378 61.37 5750 2.129 162.5 2.57E − 1 363.5 1016 564.5 1886 772.0 1206.0 1174 511.8 1576 244.7 1978 116.9 2380 61.05 5800 2.059 163.5 2.90E − 1 364.5 1033 565.5 1829 774.0 1205.0 1176 497.6 1578 241.6 1980 117.9 2382 60.29 5850 1.992 164.5 3.03E − 1 365.5 1174 566.5 1861 776.0 1186.0 1178 494.6 1580 256.2 1982 118.0 2384 57.17 5900 1.927 165.5 4.39E − 1 366.5 1256 567.5 1920 778.0 1207.0 1180 506.7 1582 246.8 1984 117.9 2386 57.25 5950 1.865 166.5 4.07E − 1 367.5 1203 568.5 1841 780.0 1212.0 1182 499.5 1584 250.2 1986 114.4 2388 59.29 6000 1.806 167.5 3.95E − 1 368.5 1122 569.5 1892 782.0 1206.0 1184 482.7 1586 251.0 1988 118.6 2390 59.41 6050 1.749 168.5 4.64E − 1 369.5 1249 570.5 1800 784.0 1207.0 1186 497.8 1588 240.0 1990 118.2 2392 59.09 6100 1.694 169.5 5.99E − 1 370.5 1161 571.5 1855 786.0 1202.0 1188 481.0 1590 228.5 1992 116.4 2394 59.10 6150 1.641 170.5 6.74E − 1 371.5 1197 572.5 1925 788.0 1191.0 1190 490.3 1592 243.6 1994 114.1 2396 58.90 6200 1.591
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Handbook of Photovoltaic Science an
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We dedicate this book to all those
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xxiv LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS Phone: +1
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xxvi LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS 28040 Mad
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Contents List of Contributors xxiii
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CONTENTS ix 4.3.1 The Balance Equat
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CONTENTS xi 7.4 Manufacturing Proce
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CONTENTS xiii 9.8 Future-generation
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CONTENTS xv 12.1.2 Designs for Amor
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CONTENTS xvii 14.3.3 CdS/CdTe Inter
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CONTENTS xix 18.2.2 Batteries with
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CONTENTS xxi 22.2 PV in Architectur
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1 Status, Trends, Challenges and th
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WHAT IS PHOTOVOLTAICS? 3 1.2 WHAT I
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SIX MYTHS OF PHOTOVOLTAICS 5 Sunlig
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SIX MYTHS OF PHOTOVOLTAICS 7 of 10
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SIX MYTHS OF PHOTOVOLTAICS 9 2500 W
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HISTORY OF PHOTOVOLTAICS 11 the maj
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HISTORY OF PHOTOVOLTAICS 13 the USA
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PV COSTS, MARKETS AND FORECASTS 15
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PV COSTS, MARKETS AND FORECASTS 17
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GOALS OF PV RESEARCH AND MANUFACTUR
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GLOBAL TRENDS IN PERFORMANCE AND AP
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CRYSTALLINE SILICON PROGRESS AND CH
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CRYSTALLINE SILICON PROGRESS AND CH
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THIN FILM PROGRESS AND CHALLENGES 2
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THIN FILM PROGRESS AND CHALLENGES 2
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CONCENTRATION PV SYSTEMS 31 reality
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BALANCE OF SYSTEMS 33 Percentage of
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BALANCE OF SYSTEMS 35 Total capital
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FUTURE OF EMERGING PV TECHNOLOGIES
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CONCLUSIONS 39 Yet, in all these al
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REFERENCES 41 the other hand, hybri
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REFERENCES 43 69. Mickelson R, Chen
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46 MOTIVATION FOR PV APPLICATION AN
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62 THE PHYSICS OF THE SOLAR CELL Su
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64 THE PHYSICS OF THE SOLAR CELL 3.
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66 THE PHYSICS OF THE SOLAR CELL E
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72 THE PHYSICS OF THE SOLAR CELL an
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74 THE PHYSICS OF THE SOLAR CELL pr
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76 THE PHYSICS OF THE SOLAR CELL No
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80 THE PHYSICS OF THE SOLAR CELL El
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82 THE PHYSICS OF THE SOLAR CELL wh
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84 THE PHYSICS OF THE SOLAR CELL n
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86 THE PHYSICS OF THE SOLAR CELL Th
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88 THE PHYSICS OF THE SOLAR CELL Th
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94 THE PHYSICS OF THE SOLAR CELL Ta
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96 THE PHYSICS OF THE SOLAR CELL cu
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100 THE PHYSICS OF THE SOLAR CELL 5
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102 THE PHYSICS OF THE SOLAR CELL I
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106 THE PHYSICS OF THE SOLAR CELL T
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108 THE PHYSICS OF THE SOLAR CELL S
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114 THEORETICAL LIMITS OF PHOTOVOLT
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5 Solar Grade Silicon Feedstock Bru
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SILICON 155 faces of silicon are (1
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SILICON 157 powder in the presence
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SILICON 159 5.2.4.1.2 Wrought alloy
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PRODUCTION OF METALLURGICAL GRADE S
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PRODUCTION OF SEMICONDUCTOR GRADE S
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CURRENT SILICON FEEDSTOCK TO SOLAR
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CURRENT SILICON FEEDSTOCK TO SOLAR
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REQUIREMENTS OF SILICON FOR CRYSTAL
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ROUTES TO SOLAR GRADE SILICON 193 c
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ROUTES TO SOLAR GRADE SILICON 195 c
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ROUTES TO SOLAR GRADE SILICON 197 d
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ROUTES TO SOLAR GRADE SILICON 199 d
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CONCLUSIONS 201 2. Another German c
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REFERENCES 203 34. Fischler S, J. A
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6 Bulk Crystal Growth and Wafering
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BULK MONOCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL 207 b
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BULK MONOCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL 209 (
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BULK MONOCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL 211 O
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BULK MONOCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL 213 8
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BULK MULTICRYSTALLINE SILICON 215 I
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BULK MULTICRYSTALLINE SILICON 217 1
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BULK MULTICRYSTALLINE SILICON 219 b
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BULK MULTICRYSTALLINE SILICON 221 L
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WAFERING 223 This in turn verifies
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WAFERING 225 suspension of hard gri
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WAFERING 227 tips, they can exert v
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WAFERING 229 6.4.3 Wafer Quality an
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SILICON RIBBON AND FOIL PRODUCTION
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NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF CRYSTAL GR
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CONCLUSIONS 251 the supercooling de
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REFERENCES 253 28. Sahoo R et al.,
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7 Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells a
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CRYSTALLINE SILICON AS A PHOTOVOLTA
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CRYSTALLINE SILICON SOLAR CELLS 259
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MANUFACTURING PROCESS 271 The most
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MANUFACTURING PROCESS 273 3. Textur
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MANUFACTURING PROCESS 275 materials
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MANUFACTURING PROCESS 277 nearly 50
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MANUFACTURING PROCESS 279 Figure 7.
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VARIATIONS TO THE BASIC PROCESS 281
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MULTICRYSTALLINE CELLS 283 of defec
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MULTICRYSTALLINE CELLS 285 better s
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MULTICRYSTALLINE CELLS 287 Figure 7
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OTHER INDUSTRIAL APPROACHES 289 TCO
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CRYSTALLINE SILICON PHOTOVOLTAIC MO
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CRYSTALLINE SILICON PHOTOVOLTAIC MO
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ELECTRICAL AND OPTICAL PERFORMANCE
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FIELD PERFORMANCE OF MODULES 301 7.
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REFERENCES 303 REFERENCES 1. Luque
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REFERENCES 305 75. Lenkeit B et al.
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8 Thin-film Silicon Solar Cells Bhu
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INTRODUCTION 309 Open circuit volta
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A REVIEW OF CURRENT THIN-FILM SI CE
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CVD Excimer laser crystallization U
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n-type silicon (0.2 µm) p-type sil
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DESIGN CONCEPTS OF TF-SI SOLAR CELL
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CONCLUSION 353 Introduction of H af
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REFERENCES 355 17. Kamins T, Ed, Po
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REFERENCES 357 98. Symko M, Sopori
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360 HIGH-EFFICIENCY III-V MULTIJUNC
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10 Space Solar Cells and Arrays She
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THE HISTORY OF SPACE SOLAR CELLS 41
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THE CHALLENGE FOR SPACE SOLAR CELLS
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SILICON SOLAR CELLS 425 Figure 10.7
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III-V SOLAR CELLS 427 n+-GaAs n-AlI
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III-V SOLAR CELLS 429 missions with
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SPACE SOLAR ARRAYS 431 supported af
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SPACE SOLAR ARRAYS 433 JPL-25888AC
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SPACE SOLAR ARRAYS 435 Figure 10.13
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SPACE SOLAR ARRAYS 437 Figure 10.15
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SPACE SOLAR ARRAYS 439 0.31 Astrono
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FUTURE CELL AND ARRAY POSSIBILITIES
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FUTURE CELL AND ARRAY POSSIBILITIES
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POWER SYSTEM FIGURES OF MERIT 445 A
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REFERENCES 447 8. Statler R, Curtin
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11 Photovoltaic Concentrators Richa
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INTRODUCTION 451 markets most often
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BASIC TYPES OF CONCENTRATORS 453 ha
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BASIC TYPES OF CONCENTRATORS 455 is
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BASIC TYPES OF CONCENTRATORS 457 sk
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BASIC TYPES OF CONCENTRATORS 459 Ho
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HISTORICAL OVERVIEW 461 thereafter.
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HISTORICAL OVERVIEW 463 Figure 11.6
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HISTORICAL OVERVIEW 465 production
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HISTORICAL OVERVIEW 467 Figure 11.1
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HISTORICAL OVERVIEW 469 n + bussbar
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HISTORICAL OVERVIEW 471 array [33].
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HISTORICAL OVERVIEW 473 Solar radia
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OPTICS OF CONCENTRATORS 475 q max,
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OPTICS OF CONCENTRATORS 477 If r 1
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OPTICS OF CONCENTRATORS 479 r i Med
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OPTICS OF CONCENTRATORS 481 When θ
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OPTICS OF CONCENTRATORS 483 filled
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OPTICS OF CONCENTRATORS 485 q i q i
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OPTICS OF CONCENTRATORS 487 For lar
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OPTICS OF CONCENTRATORS 489 on a co
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OPTICS OF CONCENTRATORS 491 gleaned
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OPTICS OF CONCENTRATORS 493 Solar c
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CURRENT CONCENTRATOR ACTIVITIES 495
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REFERENCES 501 11. Boes E, “Photo
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REFERENCES 503 60. Uematsu T et al.
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506 AMORPHOUS SILICON-BASED SOLAR C
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13 Cu(InGa)Se 2 Solar Cells William
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INTRODUCTION 569 CdS. The latter en
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MATERIAL PROPERTIES 571 Even though
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MATERIAL PROPERTIES 573 800 d 785 T
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MATERIAL PROPERTIES 575 3.2 x = 0.2
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MATERIAL PROPERTIES 577 1µm Figure
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DEPOSITION METHODS 579 though other
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DEPOSITION METHODS 581 much higher
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DEPOSITION METHODS 583 in the tempe
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JUNCTION AND DEVICE FORMATION 585 f
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JUNCTION AND DEVICE FORMATION 587 0
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JUNCTION AND DEVICE FORMATION 589 T
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JUNCTION AND DEVICE FORMATION 591 d
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DEVICE OPERATION 593 the voltage. F
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DEVICE OPERATION 595 1.0 0.8 500 80
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DEVICE OPERATION 597 1.4 V OC [Volt
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DEVICE OPERATION 599 13.5.3 The Cu(
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DEVICE OPERATION 601 Table 13.5 Hig
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MANUFACTURING ISSUES 603 can well f
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MANUFACTURING ISSUES 605 P1 P1 Mo G
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MANUFACTURING ISSUES 607 Finally, f
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THE Cu(InGa)Se 2 OUTLOOK 609 active
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REFERENCES 611 With all these chall
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REFERENCES 613 81. Stolt L, Hedstr
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REFERENCES 615 168. Fahrenbruch A,
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14 Cadmium Telluride Solar Cells Br
Page 639 and 640:
INTRODUCTION 619 In contrast to p/n
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CdTe PROPERTIES AND THIN-FILM FABRI
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CdTe THIN-FILM SOLAR CELLS 631 orie
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CdTe THIN-FILM SOLAR CELLS 633 14.3
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CdTe THIN-FILM SOLAR CELLS 635 CdTe
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CdTe THIN-FILM SOLAR CELLS 639 800
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CdTe THIN-FILM SOLAR CELLS 641 10
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CdTe THIN-FILM SOLAR CELLS 645 forw
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CdTe THIN-FILM SOLAR CELLS 647 30 R
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CdTe THIN-FILM SOLAR CELLS 649 The
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CdTe MODULES 651 14.4 CdTe MODULES
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THE FUTURE OF CdTe-BASED SOLAR CELL
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THE FUTURE OF CdTe-BASED SOLAR CELL
Page 677 and 678: REFERENCES 657 This chapter has sho
Page 679 and 680: REFERENCES 659 60. Wei S, Mtg. Reco
Page 681 and 682: REFERENCES 661 152. McCandless B, Q
Page 683 and 684: 15 Dye-sensitized Solar Cells Kohji
Page 685 and 686: INTRODUCTION TO DYE-SENSITIZED SOLA
Page 699 and 700: DSSC FABRICATION (η = 8%) 679 alko
Page 701 and 702: DSSC FABRICATION (η = 8%) 681 15.2
Page 703 and 704: NEW DEVELOPMENTS 683 of highly effi
Page 706 and 707: NEW DEVELOPMENTS 685 HOOC COOH HOOC
Page 708 and 709: NEW DEVELOPMENTS 687 photosensitize
Page 710 and 711: NEW DEVELOPMENTS 689 of these ionic
Page 712 and 713: APPROACH TO COMMERCIALIZATION 691 1
Page 714: Institute and reference Table 15.3
Page 717 and 718: SUMMARY AND PROSPECTS 695 Chemicals
Page 719 and 720: REFERENCES 697 4. Dare-Edwards M et
Page 721 and 722: REFERENCES 699 96. Tennakone K, Kum
Page 723 and 724: 16 Measurement and Characterization
Page 725 and 726: RATING PV PERFORMANCE 703 Spectral
Page 727: λ [nm] Table 16.3 AM0 standard sol
Page 733: λ [nm] E(λ) [Wm −2 µm −1 ]
Page 737: λ [nm] E(λ) [Wm −2 µm −1 ]
Page 741 and 742: 712 MEASUREMENT AND CHARACTERIZATIO
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750 MEASUREMENT AND CHARACTERIZATIO
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752 MEASUREMENT AND CHARACTERIZATIO
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754 PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEMS Off-grid p
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756 PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEMS 17.2.1.1 C
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758 PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEMS operates r
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760 PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEMS Appliances
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762 PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEMS digital ra
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764 PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEMS Figure 17.
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766 PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEMS ..... = ~
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772 PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEMS Costs of s
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774 PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEMS redemption
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778 PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEMS 1800 1600
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782 PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEMS weather st
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786 PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEMS State of c
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788 PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEMS The charge
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790 PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEMS However, t
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792 PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEMS operate co
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794 PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEMS Table 17.3
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796 PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEMS developed
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798 PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEMS 9. Preiser
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800 ELECTROCHEMICAL STORAGE FOR PHO
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864 POWER CONDITIONING FOR PHOTOVOL
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20 Energy Collected and Delivered b
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MOVEMENT BETWEEN SUN AND EARTH 907
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SOLAR RADIATION COMPONENTS 913 Extr
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SOLAR RADIATION DATA AND UNCERTAINT
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RADIATION ON INCLINED SURFACES 921
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DIURNAL VARIATIONS OF THE AMBIENT T
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EFFECTS OF THE ANGLE OF INCIDENCE A
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SOME CALCULATION TOOLS 937 The last
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SOME CALCULATION TOOLS 939 80 60 El
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IRRADIATION ON MOST WIDELY STUDIED
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PV GENERATOR BEHAVIOUR UNDER REAL O
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RELIABILITY AND SIZING OF STAND-ALO
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THE CASE OF SOLAR HOME SYSTEMS 963
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ENERGY YIELD OF GRID-CONNECTED PV S
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REFERENCES 967 information is the 1
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REFERENCES 969 43. Kaiser R, Reise
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21 Economic Analysis and Environmen
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ECONOMIC ANALYSIS 973 it come from.
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ECONOMIC ANALYSIS 975 and the futur
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ECONOMIC ANALYSIS 977 When Figure 2
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ECONOMIC ANALYSIS 979 present worth
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ECONOMIC ANALYSIS 981 System design
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ECONOMIC ANALYSIS 983 annual volume
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ECONOMIC ANALYSIS 985 technology, a
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ECONOMIC ANALYSIS 987 5 4.48 Requir
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ECONOMIC ANALYSIS 989 technologies.
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ECONOMIC ANALYSIS 991 Table 21.4 Fr
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ECONOMIC ANALYSIS 993 Table 21.5 To
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ECONOMIC ANALYSIS 995 Table 21.7 Ga
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ENERGY PAYBACK AND AIR POLLUTION RE
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PROSPECTS FOR THE FUTURE 999 produc
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PROSPECTS FOR THE FUTURE 1001 produ
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REFERENCES 1003 REFERENCES 1. Smith
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1006 PV IN ARCHITECTURE building fa
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1008 PV IN ARCHITECTURE by adding a
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1010 PV IN ARCHITECTURE Figure 22.5
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1012 PV IN ARCHITECTURE the market
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1014 PV IN ARCHITECTURE Summer Wint
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1034 PV IN ARCHITECTURE Table 22.1
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1036 PV IN ARCHITECTURE 22.4 STEPS
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1038 PV IN ARCHITECTURE and avoid a
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1040 PV IN ARCHITECTURE responsible
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1042 PV IN ARCHITECTURE 31. Reijeng
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1044 PHOTOVOLTAICS AND DEVELOPMENT
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24 Financing PV Growth Michael T. E
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CAPITAL REQUIREMENTS 1075 24.2 CAPI
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FINANCIAL CHARACTERISTICS OF PV 107
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FINANCING PV FOR GRID-CONNECTED RES
Page 1108 and 1109:
FINANCING PV FOR GRID-CONNECTED RES
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FINANCING PV IN RURAL AREAS OF DEVE
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FINANCING PV IN RURAL AREAS OF DEVE
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SOURCES OF INTERNATIONAL FINANCING
Page 1116 and 1117:
SOURCES OF INTERNATIONAL FINANCING
Page 1118 and 1119:
FINANCING THE PV INDUSTRY 1091 In 2
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GOVERNMENT INCENTIVES AND PROGRAMS
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GOVERNMENT INCENTIVES AND PROGRAMS
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FUNDING GOVERNMENT RESEARCH AND DEV
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FUNDING GOVERNMENT RESEARCH AND DEV
Page 1128 and 1129:
INTERNATIONAL/GLOBAL 1101 Global En
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INTERNATIONAL/GLOBAL 1103 SDF provi
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EUROPE 1105 Country: Netherlands Ph
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EUROPE 1107 Address: Bremerholm 4,
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UNITED STATES 1109 Contact: William
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ASIA 1111 US Agency for Internation
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ASIA 1113 Address: H.O. Post Box No
Page 1142 and 1143:
REFERENCES 1115 10. Regional Econom
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Index Terms Links atomic structure
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Index Terms Links cell efficiencies
Page 1148 and 1149:
Index Terms Links in multicrystalli
Page 1150 and 1151:
Index Terms Links design criteria 8
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Index Terms Links crystal growth te
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Index Terms Links processes 602 603
Page 1156 and 1157:
Index Terms Links direct current (D
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Index Terms Links key concepts 973
Page 1160 and 1161:
Index Terms Links energy band model
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Index Terms Links flooded batteries
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Index Terms Links government fundin
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Index Terms Links high specific pow
Page 1168 and 1169:
Index Terms Links IT Power India Pv
Page 1170 and 1171:
Index Terms Links Malaprabha Gramee
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Index Terms Links N n-type material
Page 1174 and 1175:
Index Terms Links phosphorus diffus
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Index Terms Links overview 753 754
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Index Terms Links realistic reporti
Page 1180 and 1181:
Index Terms Links secondary optical
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Index Terms Links in chemistry 159
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Index Terms Links Solar Cells and O
Page 1186 and 1187:
Index Terms Links Spectrolab Spectr
Page 1188 and 1189:
Index Terms Links texturing 269 273
Page 1190 and 1191:
Index Terms Links Typical Meteorolo
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