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560 AMORPHOUS SILICON–BASED SOLAR CELLS<br />

REFERENCES<br />

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11. The figure was calculated based on the hemispherical irradiance (37 ◦ south facing) American<br />

Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Table G159-98 Standard Tables for References<br />

Solar Spectral Irradiance at Air Mass 1.5: Direct Normal and Hemispherical for a 37 ◦<br />

Tilted Surface.<br />

12. Near room temperature, a-Si:H has a “quantum efficiency” of essentially 1.00 for generating<br />

photocarriers when a photon is absorbed. Carasco F, Spear W, Philos. Mag. B 47, 495 (1983).<br />

This ideal value is rather surprising. Many other non-crystalline materials have “geminate<br />

recombination” of the electron and hole immediately after their generation, which would of<br />

course lead to a loss of conversion efficiency; see ref. 13.<br />

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14. Guha S, in Street R, Ed, Technology and Applications of Amorphous Silicon, 252–305, Springer,<br />

Berlin (1999). Figure 6.10 of this paper is a valuable compilation of power measurements for<br />

varying cell thicknesses and light-soaking histories.<br />

15. Guha S, Yang J, Banerjee A, Glatfelter T, Hoffman K, Xu X, Technical Digest – 7 th International<br />

Photovoltaic Science and Engineering Conference (PVSEC-7), 43 (Nagoya, Japan,<br />

1993).<br />

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18. Measurements furnished through the courtesy of N. Cereghetti, Laboratory of Energy, Ecology<br />

and Economy (LEEE), Scuola Universitaria Professionale della Svizzera Italiana. These<br />

data apply to the 0.5 kW array, and are described in more detail by Cereghetti N, Chianese<br />

D, Rezzonico S, Travaglini G, Proceedings of the 16 th European Photovoltaic Solar<br />

Energy Conference, James & James, London (2001).<br />

19. Emery K, Burdick J, Calyem Y, Dunlavy D, Field H, Kroposki B, Moriary T, Ottoson L,<br />

RummelS,StrandT,WanlassM,Proc. 25 th Photovoltaic Specialists Conference, 1275, IEEE<br />

(1996).<br />

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1049, IEEE (1996).<br />

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(2000).<br />

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24. Phillips J, J. Non-Cryst. Solids 34, 153 (1979).<br />

25. Boolchand P, Thorpe M, Phys. Rev. B 50, 10366 (1994).

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