knjiga solarna energija dobra

Recommendations

Info

MODULE MANUFACTURING 557 heavily from the safety procedures developed by the integrated circuit industry, use a variety of methods to improve the safety of workers. Toxic gases are diluted in hydrogen or silane to 1 to 20%. Gas cylinders are installed outside the building or in fireproof gas cabinets. Toxic gas monitors are installed throughout the plants. Automatic gas isolation and operation shutdowns are implemented. These, among other safety procedures, ensure safe operations in these plants. The solar conversion efficiency of production modules is generally lower than the efficiency of the research and development (R&D) scale, small-area solar cells since production processes are more restrained by cost reductions. The differences in efficiency are mostly from the TCO performance, semiconductor material quality, deposition uniformity, encapsulation loss, bus bar shadow loss and electrical loss, and small shunts. Rech et al. provided a detailed analysis in the efficiency differences between R&D and manufacturing at Phototronics, Germany [191]. 12.6.4 Module Performance Two aspects of PV modules are generally evaluated: maximum solar conversion efficiency and environmental stability. Table 12.5 lists PV modules produced by selected organizations around the world; the table separately lists modules made in R&D type machines (area about 0.1 m 2 ) and large-area modules (area 0.4 m 2 or greater), mostly produced from production lines. Presently in 2002, large-area modules, with approximately 8% stable efficiency, are manufactured at United Solar and BP Solar and are commercially available in large quantities. Photovoltaic modules are also evaluated through various environmental tests, as listed in UL, IEC, and IEEE standard testing procedures (see Chapter 16 for more on module testing). These tests generally include thermal cycles between −40 to 90 ◦ C; humidity freeze cycles between −40 to 85 ◦ C at 85% humidity; hail impact; wet hi-pot Table 12.5 Stabilized efficiency of a-Si PV modules manufactured by various companies Structure Stable η [%] Size [m 2 ] Company Reference R&D modules a-Si/a-SiGe/a-SiGe 10.5 0.09 United Solar [186] a-Si/a-SiGe 9.1 0.08 BP Solar [160] a-Si/a-SiGe 9.5 0.12 Sanyo [192] Large-area modules a-Si/a-SiGe 9.3 0.52 Sanyo [193] a-Si/a-SiGe/a-SiGe 9.0 0.32 Fuji [160] a-Si/a-SiGe 8.1 0.36 BP Solar a-Si/a-SiGe/a-SiGe 7.9 0.45 United Solar a-Si/a-Si/a-SiGe 7.8 0.39 ECD [185] a-Si/poly-Si 10.0 0.37 Kaneka [194]
558 AMORPHOUS SILICON–BASED SOLAR CELLS test and light soaking. PV modules that are sold for commercial use have generally been qualified by these testing programs. 12.7 CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE PROJECTIONS 12.7.1 Status and Competitiveness of a-Si Photovoltaics Over the last quarter of a century, significant progress has been made in the understanding of properties and of deposition processes for a-Si-based materials and solar cells. There have been impressive achievements both in increasing the conversion efficiency of solar cells and in reducing the cost of fabrication. In 1997, a-Si-based solar cells with 15.2% initial efficiency and 13% stable efficiency were demonstrated [8]. The manufacturing volume of a-Si solar modules has increased more than tenfold over the past 10 years, and capacity is presently more than 85 MW p /year. There are now seven a-Si PV manufacturers with production capacity of 2 MW p /yearormore. In the pipeline for the future, significant progress has been made in the development of rapid deposition processes (>5 Å/s) that achieve essentially the same quality as the present slow processes, as discussed in Section 12.3. As rapid deposition and high gas utilization processes are incorporated into production, further cost reduction will be achieved. Additionally, the use of microcrystalline silicon as the narrow band gap absorber layer in an a-Si-based tandem solar cell has been demonstrated, and cells exceeding 12% conversion efficiency (stabilized) have been produced in different labs. The cells incorporating µc-Si show superior light stability over extended light soaking. Amorphous Si-based PV technology is unique compared with other PV technologies. Amorphous Si absorbs sunlight more strongly than c-Si and poly-Si because it is amorphous; the selection rules that weaken absorption in c-Si (an “indirect band gap” semiconductor) do not apply to a-Si. A rather thin layer of a-Si is sufficient to absorb sunlight. Amorphous Si can be made at a low temperature on inexpensive substrates. The product is made through a low-cost process. The energy payback time (the time required for an a-Si module to generate the energy used in its production) was estimated as one to two years in 1989, and has probably shrunk substantially since then [194]. One expects that the cost will continue to decline as the production volume is increased. When deposited on selected substrates, the product can be made lightweight and flexible, which is important for many applications. The output power of a-Si PV products also has a positive temperature coefficient: at higher ambient temperature, for example, in areas with more sunshine, the efficiency is higher. Compared with other types of thin-film PV technologies, such as CdTe and copperindium-diselenide (CIS)-based PV technologies that have demonstrated higher efficiency in small-area R&D type cells, a-Si photovoltaics looks attractive because (1) it has been developed for approximately 20 years and the production process is more mature and proven and (2) the product does not contain any hazardous materials such as Cadmium as in CdTe photovoltaics or a large amount of expensive metal such as indium as in CISbased photovoltaics. The materials in amorphous silicon–based cells originate in raw materials that are abundant on earth.
Page 1 and 2:
Handbook of Photovoltaic Science an
Page 3 and 4:
We dedicate this book to all those
Page 5 and 6:
xxiv LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS Phone: +1
Page 7 and 8:
xxvi LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS 28040 Mad
Page 9 and 10:
Contents List of Contributors xxiii
Page 11 and 12:
CONTENTS ix 4.3.1 The Balance Equat
Page 13 and 14:
CONTENTS xi 7.4 Manufacturing Proce
Page 15 and 16:
CONTENTS xiii 9.8 Future-generation
Page 17 and 18:
CONTENTS xv 12.1.2 Designs for Amor
Page 19 and 20:
CONTENTS xvii 14.3.3 CdS/CdTe Inter
Page 21 and 22:
CONTENTS xix 18.2.2 Batteries with
Page 23 and 24:
CONTENTS xxi 22.2 PV in Architectur
Page 25 and 26:
1 Status, Trends, Challenges and th
Page 27 and 28:
WHAT IS PHOTOVOLTAICS? 3 1.2 WHAT I
Page 29 and 30:
SIX MYTHS OF PHOTOVOLTAICS 5 Sunlig
Page 31 and 32:
SIX MYTHS OF PHOTOVOLTAICS 7 of 10
Page 33 and 34:
SIX MYTHS OF PHOTOVOLTAICS 9 2500 W
Page 35 and 36:
HISTORY OF PHOTOVOLTAICS 11 the maj
Page 37 and 38:
HISTORY OF PHOTOVOLTAICS 13 the USA
Page 39 and 40:
PV COSTS, MARKETS AND FORECASTS 15
Page 41 and 42:
PV COSTS, MARKETS AND FORECASTS 17
Page 43 and 44:
GOALS OF PV RESEARCH AND MANUFACTUR
Page 45 and 46:
GLOBAL TRENDS IN PERFORMANCE AND AP
Page 47 and 48:
CRYSTALLINE SILICON PROGRESS AND CH
Page 49 and 50:
CRYSTALLINE SILICON PROGRESS AND CH
Page 51 and 52:
THIN FILM PROGRESS AND CHALLENGES 2
Page 53 and 54:
THIN FILM PROGRESS AND CHALLENGES 2
Page 55 and 56:
CONCENTRATION PV SYSTEMS 31 reality
Page 57 and 58:
BALANCE OF SYSTEMS 33 Percentage of
Page 59 and 60:
BALANCE OF SYSTEMS 35 Total capital
Page 61 and 62:
FUTURE OF EMERGING PV TECHNOLOGIES
Page 63 and 64:
CONCLUSIONS 39 Yet, in all these al
Page 65 and 66:
REFERENCES 41 the other hand, hybri
Page 67 and 68:
REFERENCES 43 69. Mickelson R, Chen
Page 69 and 70:
46 MOTIVATION FOR PV APPLICATION AN
Page 71 and 72:
Page 73 and 74:
Page 75 and 76:
Page 77 and 78:
Page 79 and 80:
Page 81 and 82:
Page 83 and 84:
Page 85 and 86:
62 THE PHYSICS OF THE SOLAR CELL Su
Page 87 and 88:
64 THE PHYSICS OF THE SOLAR CELL 3.
Page 89 and 90:
66 THE PHYSICS OF THE SOLAR CELL E
Page 91 and 92:
Page 93 and 94:
Page 95 and 96:
72 THE PHYSICS OF THE SOLAR CELL an
Page 97 and 98:
74 THE PHYSICS OF THE SOLAR CELL pr
Page 99 and 100:
76 THE PHYSICS OF THE SOLAR CELL No
Page 101 and 102:
Page 103 and 104:
80 THE PHYSICS OF THE SOLAR CELL El
Page 105 and 106:
82 THE PHYSICS OF THE SOLAR CELL wh
Page 107 and 108:
84 THE PHYSICS OF THE SOLAR CELL n
Page 109 and 110:
86 THE PHYSICS OF THE SOLAR CELL Th
Page 111 and 112:
88 THE PHYSICS OF THE SOLAR CELL Th
Page 113 and 114:
Page 115 and 116:
Page 117 and 118:
94 THE PHYSICS OF THE SOLAR CELL Ta
Page 119 and 120:
96 THE PHYSICS OF THE SOLAR CELL cu
Page 121 and 122:
Page 123 and 124:
100 THE PHYSICS OF THE SOLAR CELL 5
Page 125 and 126:
102 THE PHYSICS OF THE SOLAR CELL I
Page 127 and 128:
Page 129 and 130:
106 THE PHYSICS OF THE SOLAR CELL T
Page 131 and 132:
108 THE PHYSICS OF THE SOLAR CELL S
Page 133 and 134:
Page 135 and 136:
Page 137 and 138:
114 THEORETICAL LIMITS OF PHOTOVOLT
Page 139 and 140:
Page 141 and 142:
Page 143 and 144:
Page 145 and 146:
Page 147 and 148:
Page 149 and 150:
Page 151 and 152:
Page 153 and 154:
Page 155 and 156:
Page 157 and 158:
Page 159 and 160:
Page 161 and 162:
Page 163 and 164:
Page 165 and 166:
Page 167 and 168:
Page 169 and 170:
Page 171 and 172:
Page 173 and 174:
Page 175 and 176:
5 Solar Grade Silicon Feedstock Bru
Page 177 and 178:
SILICON 155 faces of silicon are (1
Page 179 and 180:
SILICON 157 powder in the presence
Page 181 and 182:
SILICON 159 5.2.4.1.2 Wrought alloy
Page 183 and 184:
PRODUCTION OF METALLURGICAL GRADE S
Page 185 and 186:
Page 187 and 188:
Page 189 and 190:
PRODUCTION OF SEMICONDUCTOR GRADE S
Page 191 and 192:
Page 193 and 194:
Page 195 and 196:
Page 197 and 198:
CURRENT SILICON FEEDSTOCK TO SOLAR
Page 199 and 200:
CURRENT SILICON FEEDSTOCK TO SOLAR
Page 201 and 202:
REQUIREMENTS OF SILICON FOR CRYSTAL
Page 203 and 204:
Page 205 and 206:
Page 207 and 208:
Page 209 and 210:
Page 211 and 212:
Page 213 and 214:
Page 215 and 216:
ROUTES TO SOLAR GRADE SILICON 193 c
Page 217 and 218:
ROUTES TO SOLAR GRADE SILICON 195 c
Page 219 and 220:
ROUTES TO SOLAR GRADE SILICON 197 d
Page 221 and 222:
ROUTES TO SOLAR GRADE SILICON 199 d
Page 223 and 224:
CONCLUSIONS 201 2. Another German c
Page 225 and 226:
REFERENCES 203 34. Fischler S, J. A
Page 227 and 228:
6 Bulk Crystal Growth and Wafering
Page 229 and 230:
BULK MONOCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL 207 b
Page 231 and 232:
BULK MONOCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL 209 (
Page 233 and 234:
BULK MONOCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL 211 O
Page 235 and 236:
BULK MONOCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL 213 8
Page 237 and 238:
BULK MULTICRYSTALLINE SILICON 215 I
Page 239 and 240:
BULK MULTICRYSTALLINE SILICON 217 1
Page 241 and 242:
BULK MULTICRYSTALLINE SILICON 219 b
Page 243 and 244:
BULK MULTICRYSTALLINE SILICON 221 L
Page 245 and 246:
WAFERING 223 This in turn verifies
Page 247 and 248:
WAFERING 225 suspension of hard gri
Page 249 and 250:
WAFERING 227 tips, they can exert v
Page 251 and 252:
WAFERING 229 6.4.3 Wafer Quality an
Page 253 and 254:
SILICON RIBBON AND FOIL PRODUCTION
Page 255 and 256:
Page 257 and 258:
Page 259 and 260:
Page 261 and 262:
Page 263 and 264:
Page 265 and 266:
Page 267 and 268:
NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF CRYSTAL GR
Page 269 and 270:
Page 271 and 272:
Page 273 and 274:
CONCLUSIONS 251 the supercooling de
Page 275 and 276:
REFERENCES 253 28. Sahoo R et al.,
Page 277 and 278:
7 Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells a
Page 279 and 280:
CRYSTALLINE SILICON AS A PHOTOVOLTA
Page 281 and 282:
CRYSTALLINE SILICON SOLAR CELLS 259
Page 283 and 284:
Page 285 and 286:
Page 287 and 288:
Page 289 and 290:
Page 291 and 292:
Page 293 and 294:
MANUFACTURING PROCESS 271 The most
Page 295 and 296:
MANUFACTURING PROCESS 273 3. Textur
Page 297 and 298:
MANUFACTURING PROCESS 275 materials
Page 299 and 300:
MANUFACTURING PROCESS 277 nearly 50
Page 301 and 302:
MANUFACTURING PROCESS 279 Figure 7.
Page 303 and 304:
VARIATIONS TO THE BASIC PROCESS 281
Page 305 and 306:
MULTICRYSTALLINE CELLS 283 of defec
Page 307 and 308:
MULTICRYSTALLINE CELLS 285 better s
Page 309 and 310:
MULTICRYSTALLINE CELLS 287 Figure 7
Page 311 and 312:
OTHER INDUSTRIAL APPROACHES 289 TCO
Page 313 and 314:
CRYSTALLINE SILICON PHOTOVOLTAIC MO
Page 315 and 316:
CRYSTALLINE SILICON PHOTOVOLTAIC MO
Page 317 and 318:
ELECTRICAL AND OPTICAL PERFORMANCE
Page 319 and 320:
Page 321 and 322:
Page 323 and 324:
FIELD PERFORMANCE OF MODULES 301 7.
Page 325 and 326:
REFERENCES 303 REFERENCES 1. Luque
Page 327 and 328:
REFERENCES 305 75. Lenkeit B et al.
Page 329 and 330:
8 Thin-film Silicon Solar Cells Bhu
Page 331 and 332:
INTRODUCTION 309 Open circuit volta
Page 333 and 334:
A REVIEW OF CURRENT THIN-FILM SI CE
Page 335 and 336:
Page 337 and 338:
Page 339 and 340:
Page 342:
CVD Excimer laser crystallization U
Page 345 and 346:
Page 347 and 348:
n-type silicon (0.2 µm) p-type sil
Page 349 and 350:
DESIGN CONCEPTS OF TF-SI SOLAR CELL
Page 351 and 352:
Page 353 and 354:
Page 355 and 356:
Page 357 and 358:
Page 359 and 360:
Page 361 and 362:
Page 363 and 364:
Page 365 and 366:
Page 367 and 368:
Page 369 and 370:
Page 371 and 372:
Page 373 and 374:
Page 375 and 376:
Page 377 and 378:
CONCLUSION 353 Introduction of H af
Page 379 and 380:
REFERENCES 355 17. Kamins T, Ed, Po
Page 381 and 382:
REFERENCES 357 98. Symko M, Sopori
Page 383 and 384:
360 HIGH-EFFICIENCY III-V MULTIJUNC
Page 385 and 386:
Page 387 and 388:
Page 389 and 390:
Page 391 and 392:
Page 393 and 394:
Page 395 and 396:
Page 397 and 398:
Page 399 and 400:
Page 401 and 402:
Page 403 and 404:
Page 405 and 406:
Page 407 and 408:
Page 409 and 410:
Page 411 and 412:
Page 413 and 414:
Page 415 and 416:
Page 417 and 418:
Page 419 and 420:
Page 421 and 422:
Page 423 and 424:
Page 425 and 426:
Page 427 and 428:
Page 429 and 430:
Page 431 and 432:
Page 433 and 434:
Page 435 and 436:
10 Space Solar Cells and Arrays She
Page 437 and 438:
THE HISTORY OF SPACE SOLAR CELLS 41
Page 439 and 440:
THE CHALLENGE FOR SPACE SOLAR CELLS
Page 441 and 442:
Page 443 and 444:
Page 445 and 446:
Page 447 and 448:
SILICON SOLAR CELLS 425 Figure 10.7
Page 449 and 450:
III-V SOLAR CELLS 427 n+-GaAs n-AlI
Page 451 and 452:
III-V SOLAR CELLS 429 missions with
Page 453 and 454:
SPACE SOLAR ARRAYS 431 supported af
Page 455 and 456:
SPACE SOLAR ARRAYS 433 JPL-25888AC
Page 457 and 458:
SPACE SOLAR ARRAYS 435 Figure 10.13
Page 459 and 460:
SPACE SOLAR ARRAYS 437 Figure 10.15
Page 461 and 462:
SPACE SOLAR ARRAYS 439 0.31 Astrono
Page 463 and 464:
FUTURE CELL AND ARRAY POSSIBILITIES
Page 465 and 466:
FUTURE CELL AND ARRAY POSSIBILITIES
Page 467 and 468:
POWER SYSTEM FIGURES OF MERIT 445 A
Page 469 and 470:
REFERENCES 447 8. Statler R, Curtin
Page 471 and 472:
11 Photovoltaic Concentrators Richa
Page 473 and 474:
INTRODUCTION 451 markets most often
Page 475 and 476:
BASIC TYPES OF CONCENTRATORS 453 ha
Page 477 and 478:
BASIC TYPES OF CONCENTRATORS 455 is
Page 479 and 480:
BASIC TYPES OF CONCENTRATORS 457 sk
Page 481 and 482:
BASIC TYPES OF CONCENTRATORS 459 Ho
Page 483 and 484:
HISTORICAL OVERVIEW 461 thereafter.
Page 485 and 486:
HISTORICAL OVERVIEW 463 Figure 11.6
Page 487 and 488:
HISTORICAL OVERVIEW 465 production
Page 489 and 490:
HISTORICAL OVERVIEW 467 Figure 11.1
Page 491 and 492:
HISTORICAL OVERVIEW 469 n + bussbar
Page 493 and 494:
HISTORICAL OVERVIEW 471 array [33].
Page 495 and 496:
HISTORICAL OVERVIEW 473 Solar radia
Page 497 and 498:
OPTICS OF CONCENTRATORS 475 q max,
Page 499 and 500:
OPTICS OF CONCENTRATORS 477 If r 1
Page 501 and 502:
OPTICS OF CONCENTRATORS 479 r i Med
Page 503 and 504:
OPTICS OF CONCENTRATORS 481 When θ
Page 505 and 506:
OPTICS OF CONCENTRATORS 483 filled
Page 507 and 508:
OPTICS OF CONCENTRATORS 485 q i q i
Page 509 and 510:
OPTICS OF CONCENTRATORS 487 For lar
Page 511 and 512:
OPTICS OF CONCENTRATORS 489 on a co
Page 513 and 514:
OPTICS OF CONCENTRATORS 491 gleaned
Page 515 and 516:
OPTICS OF CONCENTRATORS 493 Solar c
Page 517 and 518:
CURRENT CONCENTRATOR ACTIVITIES 495
Page 519 and 520:
Page 521 and 522:
Page 523 and 524:
REFERENCES 501 11. Boes E, “Photo
Page 525 and 526:
REFERENCES 503 60. Uematsu T et al.
Page 527 and 528: 506 AMORPHOUS SILICON-BASED SOLAR C
Page 577: 556 AMORPHOUS SILICON-BASED SOLAR C
Page 587 and 588: 13 Cu(InGa)Se 2 Solar Cells William
Page 589 and 590: INTRODUCTION 569 CdS. The latter en
Page 591 and 592: MATERIAL PROPERTIES 571 Even though
Page 593 and 594: MATERIAL PROPERTIES 573 800 d 785 T
Page 595 and 596: MATERIAL PROPERTIES 575 3.2 x = 0.2
Page 597 and 598: MATERIAL PROPERTIES 577 1µm Figure
Page 599 and 600: DEPOSITION METHODS 579 though other
Page 601 and 602: DEPOSITION METHODS 581 much higher
Page 603 and 604: DEPOSITION METHODS 583 in the tempe
Page 605 and 606: JUNCTION AND DEVICE FORMATION 585 f
Page 607 and 608: JUNCTION AND DEVICE FORMATION 587 0
Page 609 and 610: JUNCTION AND DEVICE FORMATION 589 T
Page 611 and 612: JUNCTION AND DEVICE FORMATION 591 d
Page 613 and 614: DEVICE OPERATION 593 the voltage. F
Page 615 and 616: DEVICE OPERATION 595 1.0 0.8 500 80
Page 617 and 618: DEVICE OPERATION 597 1.4 V OC [Volt
Page 619 and 620: DEVICE OPERATION 599 13.5.3 The Cu(
Page 621 and 622: DEVICE OPERATION 601 Table 13.5 Hig
Page 623 and 624: MANUFACTURING ISSUES 603 can well f
Page 625 and 626: MANUFACTURING ISSUES 605 P1 P1 Mo G
Page 627 and 628: MANUFACTURING ISSUES 607 Finally, f
Page 629 and 630:
THE Cu(InGa)Se 2 OUTLOOK 609 active
Page 631 and 632:
REFERENCES 611 With all these chall
Page 633 and 634:
REFERENCES 613 81. Stolt L, Hedstr
Page 635 and 636:
REFERENCES 615 168. Fahrenbruch A,
Page 637 and 638:
14 Cadmium Telluride Solar Cells Br
Page 639 and 640:
INTRODUCTION 619 In contrast to p/n
Page 641 and 642:
CdTe PROPERTIES AND THIN-FILM FABRI
Page 643 and 644:
Page 645 and 646:
Page 647 and 648:
Page 649 and 650:
Page 651 and 652:
CdTe THIN-FILM SOLAR CELLS 631 orie
Page 653 and 654:
CdTe THIN-FILM SOLAR CELLS 633 14.3
Page 655 and 656:
CdTe THIN-FILM SOLAR CELLS 635 CdTe
Page 657 and 658:
Page 659 and 660:
CdTe THIN-FILM SOLAR CELLS 639 800
Page 661 and 662:
CdTe THIN-FILM SOLAR CELLS 641 10
Page 663 and 664:
Page 665 and 666:
CdTe THIN-FILM SOLAR CELLS 645 forw
Page 667 and 668:
CdTe THIN-FILM SOLAR CELLS 647 30 R
Page 669 and 670:
CdTe THIN-FILM SOLAR CELLS 649 The
Page 671 and 672:
CdTe MODULES 651 14.4 CdTe MODULES
Page 673 and 674:
THE FUTURE OF CdTe-BASED SOLAR CELL
Page 675 and 676:
THE FUTURE OF CdTe-BASED SOLAR CELL
Page 677 and 678:
REFERENCES 657 This chapter has sho
Page 679 and 680:
REFERENCES 659 60. Wei S, Mtg. Reco
Page 681 and 682:
REFERENCES 661 152. McCandless B, Q
Page 683 and 684:
15 Dye-sensitized Solar Cells Kohji
Page 685 and 686:
INTRODUCTION TO DYE-SENSITIZED SOLA
Page 687 and 688:
Page 689 and 690:
Page 691 and 692:
Page 693 and 694:
Page 695 and 696:
Page 697 and 698:
Page 699 and 700:
DSSC FABRICATION (η = 8%) 679 alko
Page 701 and 702:
DSSC FABRICATION (η = 8%) 681 15.2
Page 703 and 704:
NEW DEVELOPMENTS 683 of highly effi
Page 706 and 707:
NEW DEVELOPMENTS 685 HOOC COOH HOOC
Page 708 and 709:
NEW DEVELOPMENTS 687 photosensitize
Page 710 and 711:
NEW DEVELOPMENTS 689 of these ionic
Page 712 and 713:
APPROACH TO COMMERCIALIZATION 691 1
Page 714:
Institute and reference Table 15.3
Page 717 and 718:
SUMMARY AND PROSPECTS 695 Chemicals
Page 719 and 720:
REFERENCES 697 4. Dare-Edwards M et
Page 721 and 722:
REFERENCES 699 96. Tennakone K, Kum
Page 723 and 724:
16 Measurement and Characterization
Page 725 and 726:
RATING PV PERFORMANCE 703 Spectral
Page 727:
λ [nm] Table 16.3 AM0 standard sol
Page 731:
171.5 7.01E − 1 372.5 1074 573.5
Page 735:
228.5 52.940 429.5 1501 630.7 1682
Page 739:
288.5 328.400 489.5 1994 689.1 1506
Page 742 and 743:
RATING PV PERFORMANCE 713 The extra
Page 744 and 745:
RATING PV PERFORMANCE 715 of about
Page 746 and 747:
RATING PV PERFORMANCE 717 Energy [W
Page 748 and 749:
RATING PV PERFORMANCE 719 16.2.4 Tr
Page 750 and 751:
CURRENT VERSUS VOLTAGE MEASUREMENTS
Page 752 and 753:
Page 754 and 755:
Page 756 and 757:
Page 758 and 759:
Page 760 and 761:
Page 762 and 763:
Page 764 and 765:
Page 766 and 767:
Page 768 and 769:
SPECTRAL RESPONSIVITY MEASUREMENTS
Page 770 and 771:
Page 772 and 773:
Page 774 and 775:
MODULE QUALIFICATION AND CERTIFICAT
Page 776 and 777:
REFERENCES 747 REFERENCES 1. Emery
Page 778 and 779:
REFERENCES 749 62. Standard IEC 608
Page 780 and 781:
REFERENCES 751 130. Dondero R, Zirk
Page 782 and 783:
17 Photovoltaic Systems Klaus Preis
Page 784 and 785:
PV POWER SYSTEM CONFIGURATION AND A
Page 786 and 787:
Page 788 and 789:
Page 790 and 791:
Page 792 and 793:
Page 794 and 795:
Page 796 and 797:
Page 798 and 799:
Page 800 and 801:
Page 802 and 803:
Page 804 and 805:
Page 806 and 807:
Page 808 and 809:
Page 810 and 811:
Page 812 and 813:
Page 814 and 815:
COMPONENTS FOR PV SYSTEMS 785 NASA
Page 816 and 817:
COMPONENTS FOR PV SYSTEMS 787 volta
Page 818 and 819:
COMPONENTS FOR PV SYSTEMS 789 well
Page 820 and 821:
COMPONENTS FOR PV SYSTEMS 791 A sig
Page 822 and 823:
COMPONENTS FOR PV SYSTEMS 793 In st
Page 824 and 825:
FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS IN PHOTOVOLTAIC
Page 826 and 827:
REFERENCES 797 CL Controllable load
Page 828 and 829:
18 Electrochemical Storage for Phot
Page 830 and 831:
GENERAL CONCEPT OF ELECTROCHEMICAL
Page 832 and 833:
Page 834 and 835:
Page 836 and 837:
Page 838 and 839:
Page 840 and 841:
Page 842 and 843:
TYPICAL OPERATION CONDITIONS OF BAT
Page 844 and 845:
TYPICAL OPERATION CONDITIONS OF BAT
Page 846 and 847:
SECONDARY ELECTROCHEMICAL ACCUMULAT
Page 848:
Table 18.4 Overview of the technica
Page 851 and 852:
Page 853 and 854:
Page 855 and 856:
Page 857 and 858:
Page 859 and 860:
Page 861 and 862:
Page 863 and 864:
Page 865 and 866:
Page 867 and 868:
Page 869 and 870:
Page 871 and 872:
Page 873 and 874:
Page 875 and 876:
Page 877 and 878:
Page 879 and 880:
BATTERY SYSTEMS WITH EXTERNAL STORA
Page 881 and 882:
Page 883 and 884:
Page 885 and 886:
Page 887 and 888:
INVESTMENT AND LIFETIME COST CONSID
Page 889 and 890:
CONCLUSION 859 This example is just
Page 891 and 892:
REFERENCES 861 10. Ruddell A et al.
Page 893 and 894:
19 Power Conditioning for Photovolt
Page 895 and 896:
CONTROLLERS AND MONITORING SYSTEMS
Page 897 and 898:
Page 899 and 900:
Page 901 and 902:
Page 903 and 904:
Page 905 and 906:
Page 907 and 908:
Page 909 and 910:
Page 911 and 912:
INVERTERS 881 19.2 INVERTERS 19.2.1
Page 913 and 914:
INVERTERS 883 Current [A] MPP Power
Page 915 and 916:
INVERTERS 885 S1 S3 DC source AC ou
Page 917 and 918:
INVERTERS 887 V PV V load t 0 t 1 t
Page 919 and 920:
INVERTERS 889 The resulting voltage
Page 921 and 922:
INVERTERS 891 12 V 24 V 48 V 96 V 1
Page 923 and 924:
INVERTERS 893 U DC voltage level U
Page 925 and 926:
INVERTERS 895 100 55 Hz 50 Hz Frequ
Page 927 and 928:
INVERTERS 897 S1 L C 1 C 2 AC outpu
Page 929 and 930:
INVERTERS 899 Time delay Seconds Mi
Page 931 and 932:
INVERTERS 901 Separated part of the
Page 933 and 934:
REFERENCES 903 5. Gonzalez G, Hill
Page 935 and 936:
906 ENERGY COLLECTED AND DELIVERED
Page 937 and 938:
Page 939 and 940:
Page 941 and 942:
Page 943 and 944:
Page 945 and 946:
Page 947 and 948:
Page 949 and 950:
Page 951 and 952:
Page 953 and 954:
Page 955 and 956:
Page 957 and 958:
Page 959 and 960:
Page 961 and 962:
Page 963 and 964:
Page 965 and 966:
Page 967 and 968:
Page 969 and 970:
Page 971 and 972:
Page 973 and 974:
Page 975 and 976:
Page 977 and 978:
Page 979 and 980:
Page 981 and 982:
Page 983 and 984:
Page 985 and 986:
Page 987 and 988:
Page 989 and 990:
Page 991 and 992:
Page 993 and 994:
Page 995 and 996:
Page 997 and 998:
Page 999 and 1000:
Page 1001 and 1002:
972 ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF PV SYSTEMS
Page 1003 and 1004:
Page 1005 and 1006:
Page 1007 and 1008:
Page 1009 and 1010:
Page 1011 and 1012:
Page 1013 and 1014:
Page 1015 and 1016:
Page 1017 and 1018:
Page 1019 and 1020:
Page 1021 and 1022:
Page 1023 and 1024:
Page 1025 and 1026:
Page 1027 and 1028:
Page 1029 and 1030:
1000 ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF PV SYSTEM
Page 1031 and 1032:
1002 ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF PV SYSTEM
Page 1033 and 1034:
22 PV in Architecture Tjerk H. Reij
Page 1035 and 1036:
INTRODUCTION 1007 Figure 22.2 Integ
Page 1037 and 1038:
PV IN ARCHITECTURE 1009 Figure 22.4
Page 1039 and 1040:
Page 1041 and 1042:
PV IN ARCHITECTURE 1013 Heat load a
Page 1043 and 1044:
PV IN ARCHITECTURE 1015 • aesthet
Page 1045 and 1046:
Page 1047 and 1048:
Page 1049 and 1050:
Page 1051 and 1052:
Page 1053 and 1054:
Page 1055 and 1056:
BIPV BASICS 1027 22.3.1.2 Categorie
Page 1057 and 1058:
BIPV BASICS 1029 Figure 22.34 Alute
Page 1059 and 1060:
BIPV BASICS 1031 Figure 22.38 Solgr
Page 1061 and 1062:
BIPV BASICS 1033 Figure 22.42 Canop
Page 1063 and 1064:
BIPV BASICS 1035 cooling as possibl
Page 1065 and 1066:
STEPS IN THE DESIGN PROCESS WITH PV
Page 1067 and 1068:
STEPS IN THE DESIGN PROCESS WITH PV
Page 1069 and 1070:
REFERENCES 1041 REFERENCES 1. Reije
Page 1071 and 1072:
23 Photovoltaics and Development Jo
Page 1073 and 1074:
ELECTRICITY AND DEVELOPMENT 1045 pe
Page 1075 and 1076:
BREAKING THE CHAINS OF UNDERDEVELOP
Page 1077 and 1078:
THE PV ALTERNATIVE 1049 was too exp
Page 1079 and 1080:
THE PV ALTERNATIVE 1051 Basic light
Page 1081 and 1082:
THE PV ALTERNATIVE 1053 (for a deta
Page 1083 and 1084:
THE PV ALTERNATIVE 1055 issued by t
Page 1085 and 1086:
THE PV ALTERNATIVE 1057 Needless to
Page 1087 and 1088:
THE PV ALTERNATIVE 1059 exports bal
Page 1089 and 1090:
FOUR EXAMPLES OF PV RURAL ELECTRIFI
Page 1091 and 1092:
Page 1093 and 1094:
Page 1095 and 1096:
Page 1097 and 1098:
REFERENCES 1069 standard of living
Page 1099 and 1100:
REFERENCES 1071 36. Martinot E et a
Page 1101 and 1102:
1074 FINANCING PV GROWTH 1995 : The
Page 1103 and 1104:
1076 FINANCING PV GROWTH 24.2.3 Cap
Page 1105 and 1106:
1078 FINANCING PV GROWTH can range
Page 1107 and 1108:
1080 FINANCING PV GROWTH 24.4.2 Typ
Page 1109 and 1110:
1082 FINANCING PV GROWTH 24.4.5 Exa
Page 1111 and 1112:
1084 FINANCING PV GROWTH Such PV sy
Page 1113 and 1114:
1086 FINANCING PV GROWTH approved a
Page 1115 and 1116:
1088 FINANCING PV GROWTH Ghana: ren
Page 1117 and 1118:
1090 FINANCING PV GROWTH Table 24.3
Page 1119 and 1120:
1092 FINANCING PV GROWTH with succe
Page 1121 and 1122:
1094 FINANCING PV GROWTH 24.8.2 Dir
Page 1123 and 1124:
1096 FINANCING PV GROWTH using a 40
Page 1125 and 1126:
1098 FINANCING PV GROWTH Current do
Page 1127 and 1128:
1100 FINANCING PV GROWTH 3503 RE Ut
Page 1129 and 1130:
1102 FINANCING PV GROWTH was capita
Page 1131 and 1132:
1104 FINANCING PV GROWTH Policy and
Page 1133 and 1134:
1106 FINANCING PV GROWTH E-mail: We
Page 1135 and 1136:
1108 FINANCING PV GROWTH Triodos Ba
Page 1137 and 1138:
1110 FINANCING PV GROWTH Contact: G
Page 1139 and 1140:
1112 FINANCING PV GROWTH Phone: 94
Page 1141 and 1142:
1114 FINANCING PV GROWTH Fax: 91 11
Page 1143 and 1144:
Index Index Terms Links A a-Si see
Page 1145 and 1146:
Index Terms Links III-V multijuncti
Page 1147 and 1148:
Index Terms Links module temperatur
Page 1149 and 1150:
Index Terms Links CdTe modules 651
Page 1151 and 1152:
Index Terms Links early demonstrati
Page 1153 and 1154:
Index Terms Links crystalline silic
Page 1155 and 1156:
Index Terms Links daily irradiation
Page 1157 and 1158:
Index Terms Links module fabricatio
Page 1159 and 1160:
Index Terms Links electricity produ
Page 1161 and 1162:
Index Terms Links extensive variabl
Page 1163 and 1164:
Index Terms Links lattice matching
Page 1165 and 1166:
Index Terms Links heat load and day
Page 1167 and 1168:
Index Terms Links intensive variabl
Page 1169 and 1170:
Index Terms Links chemistry 827 828
Page 1171 and 1172:
Index Terms Links Meteosat weather
Page 1173 and 1174:
Index Terms Links thin-film silicon
Page 1175 and 1176:
Index Terms Links energy collection
Page 1177 and 1178:
Index Terms Links powerguard flat-r
Page 1179 and 1180:
Index Terms Links rooftop PV genera
Page 1181 and 1182:
Index Terms Links Siemens Solar Bor
Page 1183 and 1184:
Index Terms Links Sofrel flat-roof
Page 1185 and 1186:
Index Terms Links Solar Terrestrial
Page 1187 and 1188:
Index Terms Links SunPower Corporat
Page 1189 and 1190:
Index Terms Links surface texture 3
Page 1191:
Index Terms Links waferin 223 224 2
show all

knjiga solarna energija dobra

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?