BALTIC SEAENVIRONMENT PROCEEDINGS No. 59 - Helcom

TAR-S
SUBBecT
FORH
N-E~IVE
FIXORES
COMPARISON OF POLICY INSTRUMENTS
FOR ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION ABATEMENT
NORMS
Minimum requirements
on national level.
Industrial branches
and other sectors with
numerous similar
polluters.
PERMITS
Individual requirements
according to
- BAT
- effects.
Individual polluters.
Big polluters.
Technical standards. Differentiated conditions.
Emission norms as mg/l, kg/d, in some cases kg/t
if possible kg/t. or mg/l and red. %
Applicability restricted. Heavy administration.
Weak incentives - Slow procedure.
technical stagnation, or Old permits.
rigid systems difficult to
understand.
mg/l+ big water consumption.
Weak relation to effects.
EMISSION CFfARGE
ANNEX 2
Technical developement.
Incentive impact beyond
permit conditions and norms.
Pollution included in prices.
The same as for norms and
permits.
FIM (ECU)/kg with or without
emission target level.
Applicability restricted.
Low charge - fiscal tax -
weak incentive impact.
Provides for frequent monitoring.
25.8.1993 NBWE/Enckell/hl