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Oeuvres sur Papier - Works on Paper - Jean-Luc Baroni & Marty de Cambiaire - 2022

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souvent déléguée à l’atelier, en souffrit c<strong>on</strong>sidérablement.<br />

Le corpus <strong>de</strong> l’œuvre <strong>de</strong>ssiné <strong>de</strong> Ribera est très varié,<br />

allant <strong>de</strong> grands, beaux et énergiques <strong>de</strong>ssins<br />

comme les impressi<strong>on</strong>nantes têtes à la sanguine <strong>de</strong>s<br />

années 1620 2 à <strong>de</strong>s étu<strong>de</strong>s à la plume presque décoratives,<br />

d<strong>on</strong>t Ulysse découvrant Achille parmi les<br />

filles <strong>de</strong> Lycomè<strong>de</strong> (Haarlem, Teylers Museum, Inv.<br />

K.II. 58). Mais bien que De Dominici ait décrit les<br />

soirées que l’artiste passait avec ses amis à « faire<br />

<strong>de</strong>s <strong>de</strong>ssins <strong>de</strong> ce qu’il peindrait le len<strong>de</strong>main » et<br />

écrit que « le grand nombre <strong>de</strong> ses <strong>de</strong>ssins qui peut<br />

être trouvé témoigne <strong>de</strong> s<strong>on</strong> étu<strong>de</strong> c<strong>on</strong>tinuelle » 3 , le<br />

corpus <strong>de</strong> ses <strong>de</strong>ssins est assez restreint, ne comptant<br />

pas plus d’une centaine d’œuvres.<br />

Depuis l’Antiquité, le basilic traverse les légen<strong>de</strong>s<br />

et les croyances. Il est d’abord c<strong>on</strong>sidéré comme<br />

un petit serpent au venin, à l’haleine et au regard<br />

mortels. Pline en d<strong>on</strong>ne une <strong>de</strong>scripti<strong>on</strong> détaillée<br />

et l’assimile aux serpents (qu’il appelle également<br />

<strong>de</strong>s drag<strong>on</strong>s) tout en précisant que leur haleine venimeuse<br />

tue tout <str<strong>on</strong>g>sur</str<strong>on</strong>g> leur passage. Il tue l’homme<br />

« simplement en le regardant ». Il ne craint que les<br />

belettes d<strong>on</strong>t l’o<strong>de</strong>ur <str<strong>on</strong>g>sur</str<strong>on</strong>g>passe la sienne, comme l’illustre<br />

encore au xvii e siècle une gravure <strong>de</strong> Wenceslas<br />

Hollar. Au Moyen Âge, le basilic, qui pourtant<br />

craint le coq sel<strong>on</strong> l’historien et naturaliste Élien,<br />

va progressivement être assimilé à une créature ailée<br />

lui ressemblant. On le trouve alors soit sous le<br />

nom <strong>de</strong> « basilicoq » ou « coqbasile », soit toujours<br />

appelé basilic, mais représenté sous la forme d’un<br />

coq à <strong>de</strong>ux pattes, avec <strong>de</strong>s ailes <strong>de</strong> chauve-souris<br />

et une queue <strong>de</strong> serpent. Puis le mot « coquadrille »<br />

ou « cocatrix » fut adopté au xii e siècle, en premier<br />

lieu pour désigner les crocodiles. L’assimilati<strong>on</strong> du<br />

cocatrix avec le basilic se généralisa, semble-t-il, à<br />

partir <strong>de</strong> l’usage du mot « cocatrix » en 1397 par<br />

John Revisa pour désigner le basilic, dans sa traducti<strong>on</strong><br />

<strong>de</strong> l’ouvrage <strong>de</strong> Barthélemy l’Anglais De<br />

proprietatibus rerum (vers 1260). Cependant, dans<br />

certaines régi<strong>on</strong>s, le basiliscus avait <strong>de</strong>s ailes <strong>de</strong>puis<br />

l’Antiquité, par exemple en Espagne dans la mythologie<br />

cantabre. À la Renaissance, <strong>de</strong>s taxi<strong>de</strong>rmistes<br />

avisés vendaient aux crédules <strong>de</strong>s créatures <strong>de</strong> leur<br />

fabricati<strong>on</strong>, souvent en se servant <strong>de</strong> squelettes <strong>de</strong><br />

raie. Ulysse Aldrovandi le décrit encore comme un<br />

reptile à huit pattes, peut-être plus proche du crocodile,<br />

que l’explorateur castillan Pedro Tafur (1410-<br />

1484) avait décrit lors <strong>de</strong> s<strong>on</strong> voyage en Égypte en<br />

les appelant justement « cocatrix » 4 .<br />

was badly affected. The body of drawings given to<br />

Ribera covers a wi<strong>de</strong> spectrum, from handsome,<br />

energetic and relatively large-scale drawings such<br />

as the impressive red chalk heads of the 1620s 2<br />

to certain refined, almost <strong>de</strong>corative pen studies<br />

including Odysseus Discovers Achilles Am<strong>on</strong>g<br />

the Daughters of Lycome<strong>de</strong>s (Haarlem, Teylers<br />

Museum, Inv. K.II. 58). Although De Dominici<br />

<strong>de</strong>scribed the evenings the artist would spend in<br />

company of friends making “drawings of what he<br />

would paint the following day” and noted that “his<br />

c<strong>on</strong>tinuous study is witnessed by the large number<br />

of his drawings than can be found “ 3 , his corpus is a<br />

relatively small <strong>on</strong>e, numbering no more than <strong>on</strong>e<br />

hundred drawings.<br />

Since Antiquity, the basilisk has appeared in different<br />

legends and beliefs. First it was <strong>de</strong>fined as a small<br />

venomous snake with <strong>de</strong>adly breath and gaze. Pliny<br />

<strong>de</strong>scribes it in <strong>de</strong>tail and assimilates it with snakes<br />

(which he also calls drag<strong>on</strong>s) while specifying that<br />

their pois<strong>on</strong>ous breath exterminates everything they<br />

pass. It can kill a man “simply by looking at him” and<br />

fears <strong>on</strong>ly weasels whose smell is worse than its, as<br />

still illustrated in the 17 th century in an engraving by<br />

Wenceslas Hollar. In the Middle Ages, the basilisk,<br />

which according to the historian and naturalist<br />

Aelian was also afraid of the cock, was gradually<br />

assimilated with a similar winged creature. It was<br />

then called a basilicock as well as basilisk, but was<br />

<strong>de</strong>picted as a cock with two claws, the wings of a<br />

bat and the tail of a snake. Then the word cocadrille<br />

or cockatrice was adopted in the 12 th century, first<br />

to <strong>de</strong>signate crocodiles. The assimilati<strong>on</strong> of the<br />

cockatrice with the basilisk seems to have become<br />

comm<strong>on</strong>, starting around 1397 when the word<br />

cockatrice was used by John Revisa to <strong>de</strong>scribe the<br />

basilisk in his translati<strong>on</strong> of De proprietatibus rerum<br />

by Bartholomaeus Anglicus, (c. 1260). However,<br />

in some regi<strong>on</strong>s, such as Cantabrian mythology in<br />

Spain, the basiliscus had had wings since Antiquity.<br />

During the Renaissance, skilled taxi<strong>de</strong>rmists sold<br />

creatures they invented to the credulous, often using<br />

ray skelet<strong>on</strong>s. Ulisse Aldrovandi again <strong>de</strong>scribes the<br />

basilisk as a reptile with 8 paws, perhaps closer to<br />

the crocodile, which the Castilian explorer Pedro<br />

Tafur (1410 – 1484) had <strong>de</strong>scribed <strong>on</strong> his voyage to<br />

Egypt, calling it a cocatrix. 4<br />

Unlike Salvator Rosa, Ribera was not particularly<br />

interested in the <strong>de</strong>picti<strong>on</strong> of legendary m<strong>on</strong>sters and<br />

this type of drawing is rare in his corpus. Standing<br />

<strong>on</strong> its hooked spurs, the creature is simultaneously<br />

66

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