Colchester Archaeological Report 2: The Roman small finds

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Fig 185 Worked bone from Balkerne Lane (1:1) 151
unlikely that they would exhibit sawn surfaces except perhaps at the ends. Fig 185, 4334, for example, is an obvious offcut and its faces are either natural bone surface, broken or knife-trimmed. It has been noted elsewhere (Crummy 1981, 284-5) that as bone is easily worked it can take as long to make a rough-out from a splinter of bone as it does to make a finished article. The wedge-shaped pieces therefore should perhaps be viewed as objects if not finished, at least near completion. Their shape may in fact indicate their function. Perhaps these objects are wedges used to break up cracked long bones and thus prevent the loss of well-shaped splinters, intended perhaps for the manufacture of pins, by the overuse of a hammer. The thinner ends of all these pieces are damaged, which accords well with this idea. It may be possible to extend this hypothesis to include not only those items which have been sawn to a fine point, but the three with thicker ends, and possibly even the two pieces with roughly rounded section. It is possible then to view these fifteen items as a cohesive group, with the possible exception of Fig 186, 4345. 4333 Fig 185 SF BKC 4902(C), N75 L8. Dump. Period 6. A wedgeshaped object with four sawn faces. The thick end is also sawn. The thin end is damaged. One face shows cancellous tissue. Length 65.5 mm. 4334 Fig 185 SF BKC 4902(C), N75 L8. Dump. Period 6. An offcut with faces of both inner and outer natural bone surface, one broken face and two knife-cut faces. The thick end is sawn. Length 59.5 mm. 4335 Fig 185 SF BKC 4030(C), N77 L8. Dump. Period 6. A wedgeshaped object with three sawn faces and one face of trimmed outer bone surface. The thick end is sawn. The thin end is damaged. One face shows cancellous tissue. Length 80.5mm. 4336 Fig 185 SF BKC 4371 (C), N84 L8. Dump. Period 6. A wedgeshaped object with four sawn faces. The thick end is sawn and the thin end damaged. One face shows cancellous tissue. Length 85.5 mm. 4337 Fig 185 SF BKC 4371(C), N84 L8. Dump. Period 6. A piece similar to the wedge-shaped objects but thicker. Possibly an unfinished example. Two of its faces are sawn. One is of trimmed outer bone surface, and one narrow one is either cut or broken. Both ends have been sawn. Length 85.5 mm. 4338 Fig 185 SF BKC 4901(C), N84 L8. Dump. Period 6. A wedgeshaped object with three sawn faces and one of trimmed natural outer bone surface. The thick end is sawn and the thin end is damaged. One face shows cancellous tissue. Length 70.5 mm. 4339 Fig 185 SF BKC 4901(C), N84 L8. Dump. Period 6. A thick fragment similar to the wedge-shaped objects. Three faces are sawn as are both ends. The other faces are knifetrimmed or natural outer bone surface. Length 93.5 mm. 4340 Fig 185 SF BKC 4901(C), N84 L8. Dump. Period 6. A roughly-cut tapering object of irregular circular to elliptical section. The narrower end is almost rectangular in section and damaged. The thicker end has been broken. Length 61.0mm. 4341 Fig 186 SF BKC 5976, N84L8. Dump. Period 6. A section of a long bone sawn at both ends and cloven lengthwise. Length 91 5mm. 4342 Fig 186 SF BKC 5976, N84 L8. Dump. Period 6. A fragment of a long bone similar to 4341. Length 88.0mm. 4343 Fig 186 SF BKC 4359(C), N87 F21. Pit. Period 6+. A roughlycut peg-shaped object. The thicker end has been sawn across, the narrower end is damaged. Length 53.5 mm. 4344 Fig 186 SF BKC 5344, N90 L9. Floor? Period 6. A fragment of either a wedge-shaped object or one of the thicker but similar pieces. The latter identification if the most likely. Three of the faces are sawn and one is of trimmed natural 152 outer bone surface. One end has been sawn, the other has been recently broken. Length 59.0mm. 4345 Fig 186 SF BKC 5308, N239 F2(?). Period 5ba or 6. A section from a long bone sawn across at each end and cloven lengthwise. Towards one long edge are traces of two knife strokes. In the cut surface of one a slight hole has been drilled, 2.0 mm in diameter and approximately 1.5 mm deep. The turns of a centre bit can be clearly distinguished on the floor of the hole. Closer to the centre of the bone fragment is a ring-and-dot mark, also 2.0mm in diameter, made by one turn of a centre bit. Length 58.5 mm. 4346 Not illustrated. SF BKC 5989, N245. Period 6. The sawn-off end of a long bone from near the articulation which has been broken off. Length 69.0mm. 4347 Fig 186 SF BKC 4407(C), N323 F97(?). Period 5b2 or 6. A thin splinter, possibly from a scapula. No worked surface can be distinguished. Length 76.5mm. THE BUTT ROAD BONE-WORKING INDUSTRY The bone-working industry on the Butt Road site has been discussed at length in Crummy 1981. In brief, the manufacture of bone ornament, probably for furniture, seems to have taken place if not on, at least near, the site in a period in the early 4th century when the north-south aligned cemetery had ceased to be used and either before the later cemetery was opened or contemporary with its early use. Of the objects recovered, chiefly offcuts and blundered or waste pieces, only a selection has previously been published. The complete group is illustrated here. Lanceolate leaves with petioles (Fig 187; 4348- 4353). These six objects have all been roughed out with broad knife strokes. Two of the leaves, 4352 and 4353 have been included in the group on that basis, though their petioles are missing. The possibility that the petioles may be stocks providing a handhold in the manufacture of plain leaves similar to 4354-60 has been considered but dismissed (ibid, 284). 4348 Fig 187 SF BUC 661, C1317 L2. Late Period 1 or Period 2. Length 118.5 mm, maximum width 25.5 mm. One edge of the leaf has splintered in antiquity. The other edge towards the tip has been damaged recently. 4349 Fig 187 SF BUC 652, C1332 L2. Late Period 1 or Period 2. Length 94.0mm, maximum width 21.0mm. The upper surface is badly scarred by over-deep knife cuts. 4350 Fig 187 SF BUC 703, C1382 G399. Grave fill. Period 2. Length 98.0mm, maximum width 23.0mm (ibid, fig 1,1). 4351 Fig 187 SF BUC 699, C1411. Unstratified. Length 113.0mm, maximum width 25.0mm. 4352 Fig 187 SF BUC 698, C1423 G402. Grave fill. Period 2. Length 89.0mm, maximum width 25.5 mm. The upper surface is scarred by over-deep knife cuts. There is no petiole but one end is missing. 4353 Fig 187 SF BUC 742, C1498 L2. Late Period 1 or Period 2. Length 79.0mm, maximum width 23.5mm. One end has been broken off recently. Lanceolate leaves without petioles (Fig 188; 4354- 4360). These objects could equally well be petals as leaves (ibid, 278). Both faces of all the pieces have been rasped smooth. 4354 Fig 188 SF BUC 657, CI 310 L2. Late Period 1 or Period 2. Length 95.5 mm, maximum width 28.0mm (ibid, fig 1, 2). 4355 Fig 188 SF BUC 664, C1313 L2. Late Period 1 or Period 2. Length 81.0mm, maximum width 20.0mm. 4356 Fig 188 SF BUC 647, C1334 L2. Late Period 1 or Period 2. Length 63.0mm, maximum width 23.0mm. One end has
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COLCHESTER ARCHAEOLOGICAL REPORT 2:
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© 1983 Colchester Archaeological T
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Colchester Archaeological Reports G
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Acknowledgements I am grateful to t
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109 Antler and bone cheekpieces fro
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For each site or area within a larg
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percentage into five groups: a) coi
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18 Objects the function or identifi
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ow has knurled marginal grooves and
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Britain by the army of conquest, wh
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again into side-wings. The external
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Fig 10 Bow brooches: Group 8 (1:1)
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Fig 14 Plate brooches (1:1) 16
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Unclassified (Fig 14; 88-92) 88 Fig
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worked bone and antler have been fo
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Fig 19 Bone hairpins: Type 3 (1:1)
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Fig 21 Bone hairpins: Type 5 (1:1)
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Fig 23 Bone hairpins: miscellaneous
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the size of the piece of jet used t
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Type 5. Pins with a groove or groov
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Fig 32 Gadrooned beads (1:1) 546 Fi
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usually of one division. It is impo
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ARMLETS Individual types are briefl
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Fig 39 Bone armlet (1:1) Fig 40 Ear
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Fig 42 Plain copper-alloy armlets (
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Fig 44 Copper-alloy armlets with tr
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applied horizontally. The S is made
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Fig 47 Copper-alloy armlets with mu
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Fig 50 Plain, coiled, cable-decorat
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IRON FINGER-RINGS With setting (Fig
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Fig 56 Hobnails plotted in situ in
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CATEGORY 2: TOILET, SURGICAL OR PHA
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the teeth. 1857 Fig 59 SF BUC 1529,
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Fig 63 Tweezers (1:1) this, one lon
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Fig 65 Spoon-probes (1:1) damaged.
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The nail-cleaner and the third piec
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CATEGORY 3: OBJECTS USED IN THE MAN
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Copper-alloy. Complete. Bent. Lengt
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CATEGORY 4: HOUSEHOLD UTENSILS AND
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semicircles of two concentric groov
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handle would pass through the hole.
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2066 SF BKC 1940, El 181 (F158). Co
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Stone vessel? (Fig 79; 2079) 2086 F
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Fig 82 Factory and open lamps, and
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Fig 85 Drop- and ring-handles from
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Fig 87 Bone and antler inlay (1:1)
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have been broken, but used after th
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tapering from 23.0 to 15.0 mm wide,
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plate appears to have formed a prot
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Fig 94 Bone counters (1:1) GLASS CO
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of a roundel is largely dictated by
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Fig 100 Tile counters (1:2) Diamete
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CATEGORY 6: OBJECTS EMPLOYED IN WEI
Page 110 and 111: WEIGHTS (Fig 105; 2510-2515) 2510 F
Page 112 and 113: CATEGORY 7: OBJECTS USED FOR OR ASS
Page 114 and 115: CATEGORY8: OBJECTS ASSOCIATED WITH
Page 116 and 117: CATEGORY 9: BUILDINGS AND SERVICES
Page 118 and 119: attachment was probably not particu
Page 120 and 121: IRON KNIFE OR CLEAVER BLADES (Fig 1
Page 122 and 123: 2956 Fig 114 SF LWC 3452, J1232 F41
Page 124 and 125: CATEGORY 11: FASTENINGS AND FITTING
Page 126 and 127: Fig 120 Copper-alloy studs with a f
Page 128 and 129: laminated armour). There are copper
Page 130 and 131: arm (externally) 48.5 mm. 4080 Fig
Page 132 and 133: MISCELLANEOUS FITTINGS (Fig 134; 41
Page 134 and 135: Fig 137 Lock-pins (1:1) Fig 138 Lat
Page 136 and 137: CATEGORY 12: OBJECTS ASSOCIATED WIT
Page 138 and 139: CATEGORY 13: MILITARY EQUIPMENT The
Page 140 and 141: Fig 146 Shield binding (1:1) Fig 14
Page 142 and 143: slightly distorted belt-plate with
Page 144 and 145: Fig 154 Decorated front plate of an
Page 146 and 147: on late Roman military belts. The s
Page 148 and 149: LATE ROMAN BELT-FITTINGS, PROBABLY
Page 150 and 151: CATEGORY 14: OBJECTS ASSOCIATED WIT
Page 152 and 153: figures, such as the series of enam
Page 154 and 155: seems to have been a realistically
Page 156 and 157: Fig 180 Amulets (1:1) respectively.
Page 158 and 159: CATEGORY 15: OBJECTS AND WASTE MATE
Page 162 and 163: Fig 186 Worked bone from Balkerne L
Page 164 and 165: Fig 188 Lanceolate leaves without p
Page 166 and 167: Fig 190 Strip mounts from Butt Road
Page 168 and 169: Fig 192 Miscellaneous mounts from B
Page 170 and 171: CATEGORY 17: OBJECTS AND WASTE MATE
Page 172 and 173: Fig 199 Bone ?pegs (1:1) 4472 Fig 1
Page 174 and 175: Fig 202 Miscellaneous copper-alloy
Page 176 and 177: Fig 204 Miscellaneous copper-alloy
Page 178 and 179: Fig 206 Miscellaneous iron objects
Page 180 and 181: Fig 209 Miscellaneous bone objects
Page 182 and 183: Fig 211 Antler object (1:2) Fig 212
Page 184 and 185: BIBLIOGRAPHY Abbreviations BM Briti
Page 186 and 187: groups' in Britannia, 7, 192-209 Si
Page 188 and 189: OBJECT INDEX References are given t
Page 190 and 191: INDEX OF OBJECTS BY MATERIALS Amber
Page 192 and 193: Shale, see Jet Stones and minerals
Page 194 and 195: CONTENTS Category 1: personal ornam
Page 196 and 197: Type 60 The simplest and commonest
Page 198 and 199: Page 139 merge towards the foot. Th
Page 200 and 201: Group 7: T-shaped brooches (Fig 9;
Page 202 and 203: Type 266 Small wheel-shaped brooche
Page 204 and 205: HAIRPINS Bone pins Unless otherwise
Page 206 and 207: 149 SF MID 558. A2010 L241. General
Page 208 and 209: 186 SF BKC 4841(C), N310. Period 6?
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Page 201 Type 3 Pins with a more or
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Page 203 251 SF BKC 490(C). A9 L1.
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Page 205 287 SF BKC 2802(C), H298 (
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Head A, crude. Page 207 329 SF BKC
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Type 4 Pins with a faceted cuboid h
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Page 211 74.0 mm long. Three rings.
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Shaft fragments Page 213 454 SF LWC
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Page 215 72.0 mm. The shaft is very
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532 SF BKC 4516. Tl. Unstratified.
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561 SF LWC 2556. M121. Rampart la.
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diameter 6.0 mm. Translucent dark b
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diameter 5.5 mm. Translucent dark g
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diameter 4.0 mm. Translucent dark g
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1420 SF BUC 709. C1394 G406. Grave
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Plain (1511-1553) ARMLETS Shale and
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thickness 5.5 mm. height 90 mm. 153
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height 5.0 mm. 1552 SF BUC 1513. H2
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1572 SF CPS 336(C), 533 F116. Robbe
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Early (Fig 40; 1586-1587) Both in p
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1614 SF BUC 336(C), B700 G115. Prob
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53.0 mm. four circular-section stra
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joints fixed by a single copper-all
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1690 SF BUC 953. E149 L13. Destruct
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Bead-imitative (Fig 46; 1715-1723)
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Plain (Fig 49; 1739) In printed cat
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Notched. crenellated (Fig 50; 1764-
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(1807), a coin of Diadumenian (AD 2
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BUCKLES AND BELT-PLATES Unless othe
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1838 SF BUC 492. C456 G274. Grave d
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In printed catalogue (Fig 57; 1850)
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(Fig 60; 1861-1S64) STIRRING-RODS 1
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Type 3 Nail-cleaners with a virtual
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TOILET SPOONS All objects are of co
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1923 SF BKC 5347, N419 F117. Period
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TOILET SETS All the pieces are of c
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CATEGORY 3: TEXTILE MANUFACTURE AND
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1983 SF BKC 4532(C), T229 F159. Pit
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SPINDLEWHORLS All in microfiche cat
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CATEGORY 4: HOUSEHOLD UTENSILS AND
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2041 SF BKC 2162, G47 Fll. Timber-l
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LAMPS Picture lamps All are in prin
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2120 SF LWC 3527(C), J1424 F180? Ro
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(Fig 86; 2146-2149) Bone inlay All
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CATEGORY 5: RECREATION Page 287 COU
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natural bone surface, this shape co
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formed by two converging strokes jo
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Pottery counters Counters with a gr
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abraded, especially the outer one.
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2338 SF BKC 844, A184 L3. Topsoil a
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2354 SF BKC 2678. HI L2. Topsoil. P
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2374 SF BKC 5332. T283 L67. Cellar
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Counters with no abraded surface bu
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2415 SF BKC 767. A unstratified. Wa
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2440 SF LWC 4080. Hi79 F49. Pit. Po
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counter is a rough. the graffito is
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later. 2471 SF BKC 411. A92 (L12),
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(Fig 100; 2483-2495) Tile counters
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Page 315 CATEGORY 61 OBJECTS EMPLOY
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Page 317 CATEGORY 7! OBJECTS USED F
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STYLI All objects are copper-alloy
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Length 60.0 mm (distorted), 2541 SF
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edges. 2552 SF LWC 1061. A64. Topso
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2578 SF LWC 1335. E63. Topsoil over
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2604 SF LWC 2504. J367. Period 4b d
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2631-2 SF LWC 3108. K255 F126. Pit.
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2659 SF BKC 311. A72 F16. Town ditc
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edge. 2684 SF BKC 5047. G392. Backf
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and dark purple marble. Veneer. 11.
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fragment. 2737 SF BKC 6051. V809 F2
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2757 SFBUC 1395. A301 L1. Post-medi
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Purbeck marble. Veneer strip. 12.5
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Purbeck marble. Veneer. 44.5 mm thi
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2844 SF CPS 967. 821 Ft 18. Robber
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2882 SF BKC 1679(C), E601 F178 Pipe
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One-piece handles a) plain (Fig 110
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the remaining part. There are two r
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(Fig 114? 2952-2972) HONES 2952 SF
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(Fig 115;2973-2981) VARIOUS IRON TO
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2993 SF LWC 2533. J476. Machine cle
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Polygonal section shaft. Length 22.
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With a flat head (Fig 117; 3051-308
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Diameter of head 4.0 mm. Square sec
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Probably originally flat. the centr
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The head is partly folded over. Dia
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Page 369 3172 SF BKC 3392» J200 F4
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3198 SF CPS 712(C), 734 L101. Make-
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Iron nails- and studs Page 373 Only
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Page 375 3329 LWC B643 Period 1 Nai
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Page 377 3397 LWC J508 F59 " Nail 1
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Page 37? 3495 BKC A77 (L8) Anglo-Sa
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Page 381 3611 BKC Hill F33 " Hail 1
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Page 383 3687 BKC J43 L6 Probably P
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Page 385 3803 BKC K557 LI22 Period
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Page 387 3878 BKC N582 L96 Period 5
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Page 389 3994 CPS 576 F115 " Hail 1
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All are of copper alloy. BOSSES Con
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DOUBLE-SPIKED LOOPS Loops are coppe
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In printed catalogue (Fig 128? 4075
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(Fig 131; 4085-4097) HINGE FITTINGS
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BINDING All the pieces are of coppe
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(Fig 136; 4130-4141) Lock-bolts 413
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Keys of uncertain type (4157-4158)
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Belt and apron fittings CATEGORY 13
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Copper-alloy strap-loops Cavalry ha
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Sword (Fig 153; 4227-4228) Arms 422
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Sword Arms Both in printed catalogu
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Page 413 CATEGORY 14: OBJECTS ASSOC
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IRON COFFIN-FITTINGS All in printed
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Page 417 CATEGORY 16: ANTLER-, HORN
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4319) The sawn off proximal end of
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Page 421 CATEGORY 17: OBJECTS ASSOC
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shaped section. Internal diameter 1
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copper-alloy wire double loop-in-lo
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4458 SF BKC 4210. N143 F33. Pit. Pe
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(4473-4600) SHEET COPPER ALLOY 4473
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parallel edges. 19.5 by 10.5 mm. 45
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Dimensions straightened out. 35.5 b
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4558 SF CPS 730. 773 L108. Make-up.
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ight angles. 31.5 by 26.0 mm. 4591
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4646 SF BKC 5181. V287 L25. Dump. P
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4669 SF LWC 3515. J140S F459. Pit.
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(Figs 207 and 208? 4695-4743) MISCE
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61.5 mm. 4733 SF BKC 5257. V595 L72
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Colchester Archaeological Report 2: The Roman small finds

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