Colchester Archaeological Report 2: The Roman small finds

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Copper-alloy. Complete. Bent. Length approximately 106.5mm. Maximum width 4.0mm. 1982 Fig 70 SF BKC 4421(C), N437 F122. Clay-lined pit. Period 5b2. Bone. Complete. Length 116.0mm. Maximum width 5.0mm. b) figure-of-eight eye 1986 Fig 70 SF BKC 3160(C), J100 F18. Slot. Period 5b. Bone. The point is missing. Length 59.0mm. Maximum width 4.0mm. Type 3 (Fig 70; 1991-1995). Needles with a groove above and below the eye. All Type 3 needles are of copper alloy, and are thinner, resembling modern needles more closely, than both the preceding types. Only five examples are catalogued here, but all derive from 3rd- and 4th-century contexts, and a late Roman date for the type agrees with evidence from other sites (eg ibid, fig 64, 230, 231). Similar needles have been found in post-Roman contexts on sites in Colchester and not all may necessarily be residual, as the type seems to recur in the post-medieval period. There is no apparent use for the groove below the eye. It probably marked the line on which the eye should be made. Above the eye the groove could possibly serve to carry the thread so that the maximum thickness of the head was not increased. At least three of the five examples have had the eye cut through when cold. Only one (Fig 70, 1993) appears to have had the eye cast in the mould. 1991 Fig 70 SF LWC 1153(C), B634 F225. Pit. Period5. Complete. Length 75.5mm. Maximum width 3.0mm. There are marked striations along the groove, probably tool marks from cutting the groove and eye. 1993 Fig 70 SF BKC 4379(C), N372 F111. Pit. Period 5b1. Complete. Length 99.5mm. Maximum width 1.5mm. The eye was probably cast in the mould. NETTING NEEDLE (Fig 70, 1996) The standard form of netting needle has a pair of forked prongs at each end of the shaft. The pairs are set at right angles to each other. J P Wild (1970a, 73) puts forward the hypothesis that in the Roman period netting needles were used for band-weaving rather than netting. 1996 Fig 70 SF BKC 4167, N105. Period 5 or 6. Copper-alloy. One pair of prongs is missing as well as the tip of one point of the other pair. Length 125.5 mm. SPINDLEWHORLS (Fig 71; 1997-2005) No spindles were found, and only a few spindlewhorls have been identified. All but one are made from sherds of coarse pottery. Many pierced pottery roundels were recovered, but only eight are considered to be spindlewhorls. The function of the remainder (2463-2482) is discussed on p 94. Four criteria were applied to the pierced roundels to determine which, if any, might have been used as spindlewhorls. First, that the perforation should be a minimum of 5.0 mm in diameter to enable a spindle to be inserted (ibid, 32). Second, that the diameter and thickness should be even and the sides smooth; and third, that the perforation should be central. These last two factors govern the stability of the rotation of the spindle, and thereby the quality of the thread produced. Fourth, that the whorl should be no larger 67 than 50.0mm in diameter (ibid, 33; but see Fig 71, 2003). Pieces f ulf illing the first three criteria but of an impracticable diameter were thus extracted. It is unfortunately possible that the application of these somewhat arbitrary standards has resulted in failure to identify some whorls. 1997 Fig 71 SF LWC 424, B145. Cellar (F70) backfill, contaminated. Period 5+. The diameter is slightly uneven, 34.0 by 35.0mm, but the sides are very smooth and the perforation well worn. Slightly chipped. Diameter of perforation 5.0mm. Upper surface slightly convex, maximum thickness 6.5 mm. Black burnished ware. 2ndcentury or later. 2001 Fig 71 SF BKC 1653, D301 (F20). Tile scatter in town ditch. Anglo-Saxon. Damaged. Diameter 38.0mm, thickness 10.0 mm. Made from the base of a colour-coat beaker. The internal face of the base has been ground flat so that all traces of slip have been removed. The sides of the whorl have been rubbed in places. The perforation is well worn, diameter 7.0mm. 3rd- to 4th-century. 2002 Fig 71 SF BKC 2680(C), H14 L2. Topsoil. Post-Roman. Shale. Slightly damaged and laminated. Diameter 38.5 mm, thickness 14.5 mm. Biconical in section, with a narrow groove on each flat face approximately 6.0mm from the perforation, which is 7.0 mm in diameter. This object would have been produced on a lathe, and the centre marks removed by the drilling of the perforation. Usually dated to the late 3rd century (Lawson 1976, 272). 2003 Fig 71 SF MID 562, B2089 F685. Pit. Post-medieval to modern. Fragment. Diameter approximately 58.0mm, thickness 9.5 mm. The perforation is well worn, diameter 8.5 mm. Black burnished ware. 2nd-century or later. 2005 Fig 71 SF COC 151, 722 L196. Floor. Period 3. Slightly damaged. Diameter 37.5mm, thickness 7.0mm. The sides are very smooth and rounded. One part of the face is very smooth, possibly from constant handling at that spot. The perforation is only slightly worn, diameter 5.0mm. Grey ware. Roman. Fig 71 Spindlewhorls (1:2) WEAVING TABLETS (Fig72; 2006-2007) Triangular or rectangular bone or bronze tablets pierced at each corner were used in the weaving of braid. A warp thread was passed through each hole and fixed in a frame. The number of tablets used
depended on the width of material required. A gazeteer of tablets and a full description of their use is given in Wild 1970a, 73-4, 140-1. 2006 Fig 72 SF LWC 1010, C332. Make-up. Period 4. Bone. Triangular weaving tablet. Two corners have been broken off. Length 35.0mm, thickness 1.5mm. The edges of the surviving perforation are very irregular where the movement of threads has worn away the bone. Fig 72 Weaving tablet (1:1) 68
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COLCHESTER ARCHAEOLOGICAL REPORT 2:
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© 1983 Colchester Archaeological T
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Colchester Archaeological Reports G
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Acknowledgements I am grateful to t
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109 Antler and bone cheekpieces fro
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For each site or area within a larg
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percentage into five groups: a) coi
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18 Objects the function or identifi
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ow has knurled marginal grooves and
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Britain by the army of conquest, wh
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again into side-wings. The external
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Fig 10 Bow brooches: Group 8 (1:1)
Page 25 and 26: Fig 14 Plate brooches (1:1) 16
Page 27 and 28: Unclassified (Fig 14; 88-92) 88 Fig
Page 29 and 30: worked bone and antler have been fo
Page 31 and 32: Fig 19 Bone hairpins: Type 3 (1:1)
Page 33 and 34: Fig 21 Bone hairpins: Type 5 (1:1)
Page 35 and 36: Fig 23 Bone hairpins: miscellaneous
Page 37 and 38: the size of the piece of jet used t
Page 39 and 40: Type 5. Pins with a groove or groov
Page 41 and 42: Fig 32 Gadrooned beads (1:1) 546 Fi
Page 43 and 44: usually of one division. It is impo
Page 45 and 46: ARMLETS Individual types are briefl
Page 47 and 48: Fig 39 Bone armlet (1:1) Fig 40 Ear
Page 49 and 50: Fig 42 Plain copper-alloy armlets (
Page 51 and 52: Fig 44 Copper-alloy armlets with tr
Page 53 and 54: applied horizontally. The S is made
Page 55 and 56: Fig 47 Copper-alloy armlets with mu
Page 57 and 58: Fig 50 Plain, coiled, cable-decorat
Page 59 and 60: IRON FINGER-RINGS With setting (Fig
Page 61 and 62: Fig 56 Hobnails plotted in situ in
Page 64 and 65: CATEGORY 2: TOILET, SURGICAL OR PHA
Page 66 and 67: the teeth. 1857 Fig 59 SF BUC 1529,
Page 68 and 69: Fig 63 Tweezers (1:1) this, one lon
Page 70 and 71: Fig 65 Spoon-probes (1:1) damaged.
Page 72 and 73: The nail-cleaner and the third piec
Page 74 and 75: CATEGORY 3: OBJECTS USED IN THE MAN
Page 78 and 79: CATEGORY 4: HOUSEHOLD UTENSILS AND
Page 80 and 81: semicircles of two concentric groov
Page 82 and 83: handle would pass through the hole.
Page 84 and 85: 2066 SF BKC 1940, El 181 (F158). Co
Page 86 and 87: Stone vessel? (Fig 79; 2079) 2086 F
Page 88 and 89: Fig 82 Factory and open lamps, and
Page 90 and 91: Fig 85 Drop- and ring-handles from
Page 92 and 93: Fig 87 Bone and antler inlay (1:1)
Page 94 and 95: have been broken, but used after th
Page 96 and 97: tapering from 23.0 to 15.0 mm wide,
Page 98: plate appears to have formed a prot
Page 101 and 102: Fig 94 Bone counters (1:1) GLASS CO
Page 103 and 104: of a roundel is largely dictated by
Page 105 and 106: Fig 100 Tile counters (1:2) Diamete
Page 108 and 109: CATEGORY 6: OBJECTS EMPLOYED IN WEI
Page 110 and 111: WEIGHTS (Fig 105; 2510-2515) 2510 F
Page 112 and 113: CATEGORY 7: OBJECTS USED FOR OR ASS
Page 114 and 115: CATEGORY8: OBJECTS ASSOCIATED WITH
Page 116 and 117: CATEGORY 9: BUILDINGS AND SERVICES
Page 118 and 119: attachment was probably not particu
Page 120 and 121: IRON KNIFE OR CLEAVER BLADES (Fig 1
Page 122 and 123: 2956 Fig 114 SF LWC 3452, J1232 F41
Page 124 and 125: CATEGORY 11: FASTENINGS AND FITTING
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Fig 120 Copper-alloy studs with a f
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laminated armour). There are copper
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arm (externally) 48.5 mm. 4080 Fig
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MISCELLANEOUS FITTINGS (Fig 134; 41
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Fig 137 Lock-pins (1:1) Fig 138 Lat
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CATEGORY 12: OBJECTS ASSOCIATED WIT
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CATEGORY 13: MILITARY EQUIPMENT The
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Fig 146 Shield binding (1:1) Fig 14
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slightly distorted belt-plate with
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Fig 154 Decorated front plate of an
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on late Roman military belts. The s
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LATE ROMAN BELT-FITTINGS, PROBABLY
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CATEGORY 14: OBJECTS ASSOCIATED WIT
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figures, such as the series of enam
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seems to have been a realistically
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Fig 180 Amulets (1:1) respectively.
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CATEGORY 15: OBJECTS AND WASTE MATE
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Fig 185 Worked bone from Balkerne L
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Fig 186 Worked bone from Balkerne L
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Fig 188 Lanceolate leaves without p
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Fig 190 Strip mounts from Butt Road
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Fig 192 Miscellaneous mounts from B
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CATEGORY 17: OBJECTS AND WASTE MATE
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Fig 199 Bone ?pegs (1:1) 4472 Fig 1
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Fig 202 Miscellaneous copper-alloy
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Fig 204 Miscellaneous copper-alloy
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Fig 206 Miscellaneous iron objects
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Fig 209 Miscellaneous bone objects
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Fig 211 Antler object (1:2) Fig 212
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Abbreviations BM Briti
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groups' in Britannia, 7, 192-209 Si
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OBJECT INDEX References are given t
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INDEX OF OBJECTS BY MATERIALS Amber
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Shale, see Jet Stones and minerals
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CONTENTS Category 1: personal ornam
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Type 60 The simplest and commonest
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Page 139 merge towards the foot. Th
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Group 7: T-shaped brooches (Fig 9;
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Type 266 Small wheel-shaped brooche
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HAIRPINS Bone pins Unless otherwise
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149 SF MID 558. A2010 L241. General
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186 SF BKC 4841(C), N310. Period 6?
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Page 201 Type 3 Pins with a more or
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Page 203 251 SF BKC 490(C). A9 L1.
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Page 205 287 SF BKC 2802(C), H298 (
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Head A, crude. Page 207 329 SF BKC
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Type 4 Pins with a faceted cuboid h
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Page 211 74.0 mm long. Three rings.
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Shaft fragments Page 213 454 SF LWC
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Page 215 72.0 mm. The shaft is very
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532 SF BKC 4516. Tl. Unstratified.
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561 SF LWC 2556. M121. Rampart la.
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diameter 6.0 mm. Translucent dark b
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diameter 5.5 mm. Translucent dark g
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diameter 4.0 mm. Translucent dark g
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1420 SF BUC 709. C1394 G406. Grave
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Plain (1511-1553) ARMLETS Shale and
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thickness 5.5 mm. height 90 mm. 153
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height 5.0 mm. 1552 SF BUC 1513. H2
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1572 SF CPS 336(C), 533 F116. Robbe
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Early (Fig 40; 1586-1587) Both in p
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1614 SF BUC 336(C), B700 G115. Prob
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53.0 mm. four circular-section stra
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joints fixed by a single copper-all
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1690 SF BUC 953. E149 L13. Destruct
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Bead-imitative (Fig 46; 1715-1723)
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Plain (Fig 49; 1739) In printed cat
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Notched. crenellated (Fig 50; 1764-
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(1807), a coin of Diadumenian (AD 2
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BUCKLES AND BELT-PLATES Unless othe
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1838 SF BUC 492. C456 G274. Grave d
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In printed catalogue (Fig 57; 1850)
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(Fig 60; 1861-1S64) STIRRING-RODS 1
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Type 3 Nail-cleaners with a virtual
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TOILET SPOONS All objects are of co
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1923 SF BKC 5347, N419 F117. Period
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TOILET SETS All the pieces are of c
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CATEGORY 3: TEXTILE MANUFACTURE AND
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1983 SF BKC 4532(C), T229 F159. Pit
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SPINDLEWHORLS All in microfiche cat
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CATEGORY 4: HOUSEHOLD UTENSILS AND
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2041 SF BKC 2162, G47 Fll. Timber-l
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LAMPS Picture lamps All are in prin
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2120 SF LWC 3527(C), J1424 F180? Ro
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(Fig 86; 2146-2149) Bone inlay All
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CATEGORY 5: RECREATION Page 287 COU
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natural bone surface, this shape co
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formed by two converging strokes jo
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Pottery counters Counters with a gr
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abraded, especially the outer one.
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2338 SF BKC 844, A184 L3. Topsoil a
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2354 SF BKC 2678. HI L2. Topsoil. P
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2374 SF BKC 5332. T283 L67. Cellar
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Counters with no abraded surface bu
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2415 SF BKC 767. A unstratified. Wa
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2440 SF LWC 4080. Hi79 F49. Pit. Po
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counter is a rough. the graffito is
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later. 2471 SF BKC 411. A92 (L12),
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(Fig 100; 2483-2495) Tile counters
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Page 315 CATEGORY 61 OBJECTS EMPLOY
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Page 317 CATEGORY 7! OBJECTS USED F
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STYLI All objects are copper-alloy
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Length 60.0 mm (distorted), 2541 SF
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edges. 2552 SF LWC 1061. A64. Topso
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2578 SF LWC 1335. E63. Topsoil over
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2604 SF LWC 2504. J367. Period 4b d
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2631-2 SF LWC 3108. K255 F126. Pit.
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2659 SF BKC 311. A72 F16. Town ditc
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edge. 2684 SF BKC 5047. G392. Backf
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and dark purple marble. Veneer. 11.
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fragment. 2737 SF BKC 6051. V809 F2
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2757 SFBUC 1395. A301 L1. Post-medi
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Purbeck marble. Veneer strip. 12.5
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Purbeck marble. Veneer. 44.5 mm thi
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2844 SF CPS 967. 821 Ft 18. Robber
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2882 SF BKC 1679(C), E601 F178 Pipe
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One-piece handles a) plain (Fig 110
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the remaining part. There are two r
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(Fig 114? 2952-2972) HONES 2952 SF
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(Fig 115;2973-2981) VARIOUS IRON TO
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2993 SF LWC 2533. J476. Machine cle
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Polygonal section shaft. Length 22.
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With a flat head (Fig 117; 3051-308
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Diameter of head 4.0 mm. Square sec
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Probably originally flat. the centr
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The head is partly folded over. Dia
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Page 369 3172 SF BKC 3392» J200 F4
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3198 SF CPS 712(C), 734 L101. Make-
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Iron nails- and studs Page 373 Only
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Page 375 3329 LWC B643 Period 1 Nai
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Page 377 3397 LWC J508 F59 " Nail 1
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Page 37? 3495 BKC A77 (L8) Anglo-Sa
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Page 381 3611 BKC Hill F33 " Hail 1
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Page 383 3687 BKC J43 L6 Probably P
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Page 385 3803 BKC K557 LI22 Period
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Page 387 3878 BKC N582 L96 Period 5
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Page 389 3994 CPS 576 F115 " Hail 1
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All are of copper alloy. BOSSES Con
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DOUBLE-SPIKED LOOPS Loops are coppe
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In printed catalogue (Fig 128? 4075
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(Fig 131; 4085-4097) HINGE FITTINGS
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BINDING All the pieces are of coppe
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(Fig 136; 4130-4141) Lock-bolts 413
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Keys of uncertain type (4157-4158)
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Belt and apron fittings CATEGORY 13
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Copper-alloy strap-loops Cavalry ha
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Sword (Fig 153; 4227-4228) Arms 422
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Sword Arms Both in printed catalogu
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Page 413 CATEGORY 14: OBJECTS ASSOC
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IRON COFFIN-FITTINGS All in printed
Page 426 and 427:
Page 417 CATEGORY 16: ANTLER-, HORN
Page 428 and 429:
4319) The sawn off proximal end of
Page 430 and 431:
Page 421 CATEGORY 17: OBJECTS ASSOC
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shaped section. Internal diameter 1
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copper-alloy wire double loop-in-lo
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4458 SF BKC 4210. N143 F33. Pit. Pe
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(4473-4600) SHEET COPPER ALLOY 4473
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parallel edges. 19.5 by 10.5 mm. 45
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Dimensions straightened out. 35.5 b
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4558 SF CPS 730. 773 L108. Make-up.
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ight angles. 31.5 by 26.0 mm. 4591
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4646 SF BKC 5181. V287 L25. Dump. P
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4669 SF LWC 3515. J140S F459. Pit.
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(Figs 207 and 208? 4695-4743) MISCE
Page 454 and 455:
61.5 mm. 4733 SF BKC 5257. V595 L72
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Colchester Archaeological Report 2: The Roman small finds

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