Papers - Conference 2009 - Institute of Latin American Studies

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often depend on the political will of sovereign nation-state governments. This is especiallytrue when these rights are legally non-binding (Corntassel 2007: 149).Even though questionable (some more than others), globalization provides various toolsthat can be used for empowerment. Examples are global institutions such as the UnitedNations and technological communication networks. Yet, people most in need ofempowerment often lack many, or all, of the means needed for a realisation of empowerment.These people depend upon other actors (Word Bank 2002), which makes is hard (if notimpossible) to speak of empowerment without asking questions concerning representation andpower relations. Such questions are therefore also relevant when discussing MST and ViaCampesina as well as the larger process of globalization from below and the WSF. Accordingto some scholars these movements are nothing but partially representative for the larger wholethat they are often assumed to represent (Borras Jr. et al. 2008: 182-186). This statementsuggests that what is objectively seen as empowerment for “a people” may be of a morecomplex nature when understood subjectively by individuals within the group.Furthermore, empowerment needs to be understood as contextual and situational. Sincebeing human can signify different things to different individuals in different cultural, social,political and historical contexts, what empowerment implies in practice needs to beunderstood empirically. 14 Hence, what means empowerment for one individual in one specificcontext may not mean the same thing for another individual in a different context. Therefore,when discussing social movements and their strategies in relation to empowerment one needsto consider questions such as who is getting empowered, by whom, for what reason(s), andwhat does one mean with empowerment in the first place?ConclusionI have in this paper discussed two different sides of what is commonly known asglobalization. By focusing on a specific local phenomenon, The Brazilian landless ruralworker‟s movement (MST), and by placing this movement in a global framework, I havedemonstrated how local issues often relate to global ones and vice versa. These relations havealso proved to be rather complex.In relation to the consumption driven discursive process of globalization, also known asneo-liberalism, MST has been understood as a counter-hegemonic political actor, and as such,14 For discussions illustrative for this argumentation, see Lila Abu-Lughod 2002 and Baretti et al. 2008.9
a participant in the larger counter movement known as globalization from below. Two centralconcepts for this discussion have been consumption and empowerment. In response to anexcluding consumption based global economic and political system MST and other civilsociety actors urge for an alternative world and empowerment of the marginalized. Byexternalizing local agendas these actors seek for power within global institutions such as theUnited Nations and through different kinds of transnational networks and meetings, hopingfor local empowerment as a result. Hence, struggles for empowerment seems to be somewhatconsequential to the consumption driven globalization, which more and more seems to havepassed its peak of hegemonic dominance.What has also become clear is that empowerment is of a contextual and situational natureand therefore needs to be understood empirically. Otherwise one may fall into generalizingand false conclusions on who is being empowered and who is being excluded and/ordisempowered when analyzing social movements and other actors striving for empowerment.ReferencesAbu-Lughod, Lila. 2002. “Do Muslim Women Really Need Saving? AnthropologicalReflections on Cultural Relativism and Its Others”. American Anthropologist. Vol. 104Issue 3. pp. 783-790.Baletti, Brenda; Johnson, M. Tamara & Wolford, Wendy 2008. ”‟Late mobilization‟:Transnational peasant networks and grassroots organizing in Brazil and South Africa”.Journal of agrarian change. Vol. 8(2&3). pp. 290-314.Batiuk, Ellen, Mary 2008. “The political economy of development” in Snarr T. Michael andD. Neil Snarr. 2008. Introducing global issues. London. Lynne Rienner.Becker, Marc 2007. “World social forum”. Peace and change. Vol. 32(2). pp. 203-220.Borras Jr. Saturnino 2003. “Questioning market-led agrarian reform: Experiences from Brazil,Colombia and South Africa”. Journal of agrarian change. Vol. 3(3). pp. 367-394.Borras Jr. M. Saturnino 2008. “La Vía Campesina and its global campaign for agrarianreform”. Journal of agrarian change. Vol. 8(2&3). pp. 258-289.Borras Jr. M. Saturnino; Edelman, Marc & Kay, Cristóbal 2008. “Transnational agrarianmovements: origins and politics, campaigns and impact”. Journal of agrarian change.Vol. 8(2&3). pp. 169-204.10
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AbstractThis article explores some
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displaced people in relation to the
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Colombian case as a particular cond
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displacement instead of rejecting d
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5. Inter American Court contributio
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Moreover, the displaced are subject
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fabric on which lies the basis of t
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assistance; the right to exercise b
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ordinating and improving assistance
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and brutalisation of the armed conf
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subjects a free legal consultation
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8. Conclusions: how can the protect
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ReferencesACNUR, Balance de la pol
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FAMIG (Fundación de atención al m
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Una comunidad de Pazfrente al Estad
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salud y la educación. La pérdida
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gobierno es: “ser propositivo y d
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esidente y a los refugiados que van
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paramilitares, las comunidades camp
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asesinado. 28 Esta afirmación fue
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Los habitantes desplazados solicita
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La segunda detención de Elkin Dari
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Comunidad decidió declarar en la C
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Comunidad de San José de Apartadó
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Brigada XVII del Ejército. 62 Al d
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la impunidad en que se mantienen, y
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como la mafia o el narcotráfico, s
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Ratifican su existencia como una Co
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La autonomía de las comunidades ch
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A violência no romance O matador d
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“The characters are emptied of co
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pelos leitores, confrontando o leit
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No caso da segunda vítima, o que p
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meios para um tratamento odontológ
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acompanhado seu trabalho” (Melo 1
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LINS, Paulo (1997): Cidade de Deus:
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transformação social. O Direito d
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Constituição deveria ser a expres
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O problema central desta discussão
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Transitórias. A revisão é mais a
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ultrapassada, que reduz o Direito
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construção do discurso do estado
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socialismo; o povo de El Salvador e
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inquisição. Ser espanhol era ser
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existência de um suposto “pacto
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da família.Outro aspecto important
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AbstractIn the past two decades, gl
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1. Introduction„Globalization Soc
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a. THE IMPORTANCE IN BEING PART OF
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1990). However certain authors argu
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author Jô Soares, that aims to upp
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at home (…) and playing popular s
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cannot afford, but is also a questi
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Proportion of individuals that have
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the distinction between the deterri
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Routledge.Online References-2004 Un
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IntroducciónEl presente trabajo se
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datos históricos acerca del valor
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producciones de La Gaceta, así com
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En lo que refiere a los discursos p
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marchar por algo, y si esta identid
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Page 137 and 138: Los pibes chorros todavía mantiene
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Page 141 and 142: El 11 de febrero de 1999, Magdalena
Page 143 and 144: Speranza, Graciela, “Cómo vivir
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Page 151 and 152: primera) biografía sobre Raúl Pre
Page 153 and 154: Una rápida consulta a los periódi
Page 155 and 156: valiosos de la vida colectiva. Se t
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Page 159 and 160: La joven se refiere al arma que la
Page 161 and 162: Todas las veces en las que pudo mor
Page 163 and 164: atravesando una quinta a oscuras, c
Page 165 and 166: Notas:1 El proyecto consta de dos p
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Page 169 and 170: due to unequal land distribution we
Page 171 and 172: Hence, the neo-liberal free trade a
Page 173 and 174: een to stand up to neo-liberalism a
Page 175: structural adjustment programs and
Page 179 and 180: Löwy, Michael 2001. “The socio-r
Page 181: World Bank 2002. “What is empower
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