Rethinking the Welfare State: The prospects for ... - e-Library

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Health care 121 Conclusion We believe that a universal voucher regime in health care provision, if properly designed, can provide effective, if bounded, choices to consumers, effective competition by health care or health plan providers for consumer patronage, and effectively address concerns over equitable access to health care services. While the politics of moving to such a system in countries with long histories of alternative delivery systems, and concomitant entrenched vested interests or expectations, are challenging, some universal access health care systems already exhibit many of these properties, and increasingly severe fiscal imperatives to prevent public health care expenditures escalating to the point of crowding out many other classes of socially valued public expenditures or raising tax burdens to unsustainable levels, suggest that a better efficiency-equity trade-off may be more realizable than many health care systems currently exhibit. Better information and better incentives are key to achieving this goal.
7 Early childhood education Introduction In recent years, concern over the scope and quality of child care services has become salient primarily as a consequence of the growing participation of women in the paid labour force and the need to ensure appropriate and stimulating care for pre-school children. 1 Interestingly, whereas virtually every continental European country has implemented a broad program for the funding (and in many cases, the provision) of child care in order to respond to this challenge, to date this has not been the case in either Canada or the United States. 2 This chapter explores whether the introduction of a voucher instrument is an appropriate form of intervention for government in the provision of child care, and if so, how a child care voucher instrument should be designed. We first examine the desired ends of child care and canvass rationales for government intervention in this area. From the rationales for intervention we then proceed to investigate the problems that currently exist with the provision of child care. Finally, we examine how a voucher scheme might operate so as to provide a stronger efficiency-equity trade-off than is currently manifest in government-provided child care programs. The ends of child care and the rationales for government intervention The term early childhood education and care (“child care”) has a wide ambit. Often understood as “all arrangements providing for care and education of children under compulsory school age, regardless of setting, funding, opening hours, or program content,” child care can include parental leave benefits, regulated and unregulated care, and care provided by both public and private agents. 3 We understand child care more rigorously as containing some component of early childhood education—necessarily so, in order to encompass aspects of the ends and rationales we see as valid arenas for government policy. The literature identifies many ends of such child care, including: increasing the labour market participation of mothers; promoting equal opportunities for education among both children (through child care) and parents (through the opportunity to pursue employment or human capital investments); fostering the overall development of children; and “maintaining social integration and cohesion.” 4 Because child care has the potential to alter such a broad range of potentially competing inputs and outcomes, child care policy is complex. 5 The result is often highly variegated systems of design: “One person’s well-designed policy is another’s worst nightmare; typically the origin of these different perspectives lies in the different underlying policy objectives being pursued.” 6
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Rethinking the Welfare State This b
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First published 2005 by Routledge 2
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Preface This book is the by-product
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1 Introduction This book is in part
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Introduction 3 often done so only a
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Introduction 5 Housing vouchers In
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Introduction 7 The promise of vouch
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Introduction 9 The Poor Law treated
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Introduction 11 Promoting economic
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2 The case for vouchers Introductio
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The case for vouchers 15 Figure 2.1
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The case for vouchers 17 government
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supply determined by state 5. Publi
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The case for vouchers 21 Some comme
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The case for vouchers 23 In the sec
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The case for vouchers 25 investment
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The case for vouchers 27 private ac
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The case for vouchers 29 manipulate
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The case for vouchers 31 opportunit
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The case for vouchers 33 savings de
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The case for vouchers 35 goods and
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The case for vouchers 37 Advocates
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The case for vouchers 39 this way,
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3 Food stamps Introduction The US F
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Food stamps 43 features of what has
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Food stamps 45 A policy history of
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Food stamps 47 in turn could be uti
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Food stamps 49 as assistance would
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Food stamps 51 than they would with
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Food stamps 53 Specifically, the pr
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Food stamps 55 seems to discriminat
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4 Low-income housing Introduction A
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Low-income housing 59 bachelor apar
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Low-income housing 61 policies can
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Low-income housing 63 It can thus b
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Low-income housing 65 towns and com
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Low-income housing 67 part of low-i
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Low-income housing 69 The principal
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Page 84 and 85: 5 Legal aid Introduction Essential
Page 86 and 87: Legal aid 77 distribution. When loo
Page 88 and 89: Legal aid 79 redistribute social ad
Page 90 and 91: Legal aid 81 • It limits the use
Page 92 and 93: Legal aid 83 abide by a series of r
Page 94 and 95: Legal aid 85 significant start-up c
Page 96 and 97: Legal aid 87 agent? The problem of
Page 98 and 99: Legal aid 89 jail. Additionally, by
Page 100 and 101: Legal aid 91 themselves whether the
Page 102 and 103: Legal aid 93 First, clear standards
Page 104 and 105: Legal aid 95 corresponding voucher,
Page 106 and 107: 6 Health care Introduction Health c
Page 108 and 109: Health care 99 1975-39 percent of t
Page 110 and 111: Health care 101 service basis. That
Page 112 and 113: Health care 103 A second limitation
Page 114 and 115: Health care 105 general practitione
Page 116 and 117: Health care 107 Managed competition
Page 118 and 119: Health care 109 While these feature
Page 120 and 121: Health care 111 Qualified consumers
Page 122 and 123: Health care 113 pay for is an entir
Page 124 and 125: Health care 115 risk patients or so
Page 126 and 127: Health care 117 and unpredictable.
Page 128 and 129: Health care 119 redeem the governme
Page 132 and 133: Early childhood education 123 There
Page 134 and 135: Early childhood education 125 1989
Page 136 and 137: Early childhood education 127 limit
Page 138 and 139: Early childhood education 129 Desig
Page 140 and 141: Early childhood education 131 nomin
Page 142 and 143: Early childhood education 133 manif
Page 144 and 145: Early childhood education 135 opted
Page 146 and 147: Early childhood education 137 Despi
Page 148 and 149: Primary and secondary education 139
Page 176 and 177: 9 Post-secondary education Introduc
Page 178 and 179: Post-secondary education 169 and am
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Post-secondary education 171 consid
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Post-secondary education 173 Qualit
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Post-secondary education 175 United
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Post-secondary education 177 system
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Post-secondary education 179 Qualif
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Post-secondary education 181 whethe
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Post-secondary education 183 univer
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Post-secondary education 185 will a
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10 Labour market training Introduct
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Labour market training 189 conflict
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Labour market training 191 some ben
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Labour market training 193 extent t
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Labour market training 195 ineffici
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Labour market training 197 provider
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Labour market training 199 through
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Labour market training 201 criteria
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Labour market training 203 labour m
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Labour market training 205 costs or
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Labour market training 207 able to
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Labour market training 209 reflect
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Conclusion 211 considering the prom
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Conclusion 213 major puzzles. The t
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Conclusion 215 them in their variou
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Conclusion 217 whether justified or
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Conclusion 219 such complexity or c
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Conclusion 221 require political re
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Notes 223 22 William Raspberry, “
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Notes 225 Psychology, 3(5) (1984),
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Notes 227 85; see also Harvey Rosen
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Notes 229 recognition built into co
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Notes 231 49 Tuttle, supra note 4,
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Notes 233 24 Gautreaux v.Chicago Ho
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Notes 235 92 William S.Strange, The
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Notes 237 52 Blankenberg, E., “Co
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Notes 239 16 See Colleen Flood and
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Notes 241 69 Martin Pfaff and Dietm
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Notes 243 116 Johan Hjertqvist, “
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Notes 245 27 Gordon Cleveland and D
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Notes 247 68 Fuller et al, supra no
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Notes 249 6 See, for example, Cass
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Notes 251 attention to the quality
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Notes 253 81 Ibid. 82 Ibid., p. 4.
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Notes 255 147 In the Alberta charte
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Notes 257 170 Michael Fullan, The N
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Notes 259 19 This lack of flexibili
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Notes 261 73 Riddell, supra note 3,
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Notes 263 may have general human ca
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Notes 265 69 Eduardo Martinez Espin
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Notes 267 3 Steven Kelman, Making P
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Index 269 costs of 141; designing n
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Index 271 background 128; designing
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Index 273 Hart, O. et al. 19, 25, 2
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Index 275 effect of globalization 2
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voucher system 71-4, 75-7 Luban, D.
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as credence good 172, 268(n169); de
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Index 281 and legal aid 85-90; obje
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Index 283 and insuring individual r
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