Rethinking the Welfare State: The prospects for ... - e-Library

Notes 265
69 Eduardo Martinez Espinoza, “Chile: experiences in a market-oriented training system”
(1997), p. 2, available at:
http://www.ilo.org/public/english/employment/skills/training/publ/chile.htm.
70 Ibid.
71 Ibid., p. 5.
72 Ibid., p. 13.
73 Ibid., p. 9.
74 See the Belgian experience as discussed below.
75 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Implementing the OECD Jobs
Strategy: Member Countries Experience (OECD: Paris, 1997) p. 36.
76 Daniela Andren and Thomas Andren, “Assessing the employment effects of labor market
training programs in Sweden,” Working Papers in Economics No. 70 (2002), p. 4.
77 Fay, supra note 68, p. 11.
78 Ibid.
79 James J.Heckman, Robert J.LaLonde and Jeffrey A.Smith, “The economics and
econometrics of active labor market programs,” in A.Ashenfelter and D.Card (eds)
Handbook of Labor Economics, Volume III (Amsterdam: Elsevier Science, 1999), p. 1874.
Note, however, that the Swedish figures include stipends for participants while the US
figures do not.
80 Andren and Andren, supra note 76, pp. 5 and 14.
81 Ibid., p. 5.
82 The Swedish Institute for Social Research and ECOTEC Research and Consulting, “Labour
Market Studies: Sweden” (1996), p. 92. Membership fees accounted for 3 percent of total
unemployment insurance benefits in 1996.
83 Alfred M.Dockery and Thorsten Stromback, “Devolving public employment services:
preliminary assessment of the Australian experiment,” International Labour Review, 140(4)
(2001), p. 435.
84 William Hall, “Australia in transition,” International Labour Organization (1997), available
at: http://www.ilo.org/public/english/employment/skills/training/publ/aus.htm.
85 Jens Lundsgaard, “Competition and efficiency in publicly funded services,” OECD
Economics Department Working Paper no. 331 (2002), p. 21.
86 Dockery and Stromback, supra note 83, p. 436.
87 Ibid., p. 437.
88 Ibid., p. 441.
89 Ibid., pp. 439–40.
90 Ibid., p. 441.
91 Ibid.
92 Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, Innovations in Labour Market
Policies: The Australian Way (Paris: OECD, 2001), p. 13.
93 OECD, supra note 39, p. 26.
94 Martin, supra note 1, p. 18.
95 Ibid., p. 28.
96 OECD, supra note 12, p. 47.
97 Hattiangadi, supra note 42.
98 Ibid.
99 Dockery and Stromback, supra note 83, p. 432.
100 OECD, supra note 39, pp. 27–8.
101 The substitution effect lowers the opportunity cost of choosing leisure as one’s earning
potential drops. The income effect lowers the incentive to work as one’s income rises. In this
particular instance, income is rising because of more generous government assistance, and
the opportunity costs of not working are low because those with low skill levels have little
prospect for gaining highly remunerated positions.