Notes 223 22 William Raspberry, “Trans<strong>for</strong>ming public housing, a pit of despair,” <strong>The</strong> Record (June 10, 1998), p. A13. 23 Kevin Diaz, “Once-heralded deal to demolish projects now faces criticism,” Star Tribune (August 15, 1999), p. A1. 24 Ibid. 25 Erin J.Aubry, “Housing vouchers draw tenants’ fire,” Los Angeles Times (February 19, 1995), p. 10. 26 Julia Neuberger, “Welcome <strong>the</strong>m: <strong>the</strong> asylum bill is unfair,” <strong>The</strong> Guardian (November 9, 1999), p. 19; BBC News, “Asylum voucher sparks protest,” BBC News (April 3, 2000). 27 Jeremy Hardy, “Bedpan humour,” <strong>The</strong> Guardian (July 29, 2000), p. 16. 28 BBC News, supra note 26. 29 Alan Travis and Patrick Wintour, “Jay attacks union chief in asylum row,” <strong>The</strong> Guardian (April 15, 2000), p. 1. 30 Richard Ford, “Blunkett row over Asian arranged marriages,” <strong>The</strong> Times (February 8, 2002), p. 1. 31 Vernellia R.Randall, “Does Clinton’s health care re<strong>for</strong>m proposal ensure [e]qual[ity] of health care <strong>for</strong> ethnic Americans and <strong>the</strong> poor?” Brooklyn Law Review, 60 (1994). 32 Ibid. 33 Ibid. 34 David Rogers and Hilary Stout, “‘Single-payer’ concept <strong>for</strong> health-care plan is alive and well despite downgrading by Clinton,” Wall Street Journal (eastern edition) December 31, 1993. See also: David. Rogers, “Pressured by <strong>the</strong> right, GOP moderate Chafee clings to Clinton’s goal of universal health care,” Wall Street Journal (eastern edition) March 3, 1994. 35 Rick Wartzman, “Advertising war over health re<strong>for</strong>m heats up, with confused Americans caught in crossfire,” Wall Street Journal (eastern edition) July 15, 1994; Cyndee Miller, “Ads are huge weapons in <strong>the</strong> battle of health care re<strong>for</strong>m,” Marketing News (Chicago) 28 (September 12, 1994), 19, pp. 1–3. 36 “Prognosis, poor: vocal lobby groups stall President Clinton’s bid to offer af<strong>for</strong>dable health insurance,” Maclean’s (Toronto) 107 (March 14, 1994), 11, p. 20. 37 Michael E.DeBakey, “Health care: report from <strong>the</strong> trenches: prescription <strong>for</strong> disaster,” Wall Street Journal (eastern edition) June 23, 1994. 38 Supra note 9. 39 Robert J.Blendon, John Marttila, John M.Benson, Mat<strong>the</strong>w C.Shelter et al., “<strong>The</strong> beliefs and values shaping today’s health re<strong>for</strong>m debate,” Health Affairs (Chevy Chase) 13 (Spring l994) 1, p. 274. 40 Ibid. 41 “However it may be ignored or camouflaged, I believe that redistribution is at <strong>the</strong> heart of <strong>the</strong> health care debate. <strong>The</strong> concept of insurance, particularly health insurance, involves <strong>the</strong> sharing of common risk. Major health care re<strong>for</strong>m inevitably will require a significant degree of personal and political commitment to sharing resources. So <strong>the</strong> ultimate issue may be whe<strong>the</strong>r after a decade of focusing on selfinterest <strong>the</strong> voting public and <strong>the</strong>ir elected officials are willing to sacrifice and share enough to assure health coverage <strong>for</strong> all Americans. <strong>The</strong> polls remain open on this.” Edward G.Grossman, “Comparing <strong>the</strong> options <strong>for</strong> universal coverage,” Health Affairs (Chevy Chase) 13 (Spring 1994) 2, p. 84. 42 Milton Friedman, “<strong>The</strong> role of government in education,” in R.A.Solo (ed.) Economics and <strong>the</strong> Public Interest (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1955). 43 Doug Owram, “Economic thought in <strong>the</strong> 1930s: <strong>the</strong> prelude to Keynesianism,” in Raymond B.Blake and Jeff Keshen (eds) Social <strong>Welfare</strong> Policy in Canada: Historical Readings (Toronto: Copp Clark, 1995), p. 178. 44 T.H.Marshall, Social Policy in <strong>the</strong> Twentieth Century, 4th edn (London: Hutchinson, 1975), p. 25.
Notes 224 45 T.H.Marshall (ed.) Citizenship and Social Class and O<strong>the</strong>r Essays (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1950), p. 24. 46 Marshall, supra note 44, p. 26. With regards to Germany, see Christoph Butterwegge, Wohlfahrtsstaat im Wandel: Probleme under Perspektiven der Sozialpolitik, 2nd edn (Opladen: Leske u. Budrich, 1999), p. 24; Hans Pohl (ed.), “Einführung,” Staatliche, städtische, betriebliche und kirchliche Sozialpolitik vom Mittelalter bis zur Gegenwart (VSWG.-B. 95) (Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag, 1989), p. 19; and Heinz Lampert, Sozialpolitik, I: staatliche, in Willi Albers et al. (eds) Handwörterbuch der Wirtschaftswissenschaft, vol. 7 (Stuttgart: Vandenhoeck and Ruprecht, 1977–83), p. 73. With regards to France, see Timothy B.Smith, Creating <strong>the</strong> <strong>Welfare</strong> <strong>State</strong> in France, 1880– 1940 (Montreal and Kingston, Ontario: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 2003). 47 Christian Marzahn, “Das Zucht-und Arbeitshaus. Die Kerninstitution frühbürger-licher Sozialpolitik,” in Christian Marzahn and Hans-Gün<strong>the</strong>r Ritz (eds) Zähmen und Bewahren. Die Anfänge bürgerlicher Sozialpolitik (Bielefeld: AJZ, 1984), p. 67. Quoted in Christoph Butterwegge, Wohlfahrtsstaat im Wandel, p. 25. 48 Albert Weale, “Equality, social solidarity and <strong>the</strong> welfare state,” Ethics, 100 (1990), p. 477. 49 Marshall, supra note 44, p. 23. 50 Historical Statistics of <strong>the</strong> United <strong>State</strong>s, Colonial Times to 1970, Bicentennial edn, Bureau of <strong>the</strong> Census, Department of Commerce (Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1975), part 2, p. 1140, series Y. Quoted in <strong>The</strong>da Skocpol, “America’s first social security system: <strong>the</strong> expansion of benefits <strong>for</strong> Civil War veterans,” in Skocpol, Social Policy in <strong>the</strong> United <strong>State</strong>s, p. 42, n. 16. 51 Skocpol, ibid., p. 37, with statistics from Report of <strong>the</strong> Commissioner of Pensions in Reports of <strong>the</strong> Department of <strong>the</strong> Interior <strong>for</strong> <strong>the</strong> Fiscal Year Ended June 20, 1910, vol. 1 (Washington DC: Government Printing Office, 1911), pp. 146,149; and US Bureau of <strong>the</strong> Census, Historical Statistics of <strong>the</strong> United <strong>State</strong>s, Bicentennial edn, part 1 (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1975), 15, series A, p. 133. 52 Skocpol, ibid., p. 44. 53 Marshall, supra note 44, p. 83. 54 David A.Moss, When All Else Fails: Government as Ultimate Risk Manager (Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press, 2002); Andrew Green, “<strong>The</strong> evolution of government as risk manager in Canada,” Panel on <strong>the</strong> Role of Government Research Paper Series, RP (4), October 2002. 55 Kenneth F.Arrow, “Uncertainty and <strong>the</strong> welfare economics of medical care,” American Economic Review, 53 (1963), pp. 941–73; and Kenneth J.Arrow and Robert C.Lind, “Uncertainty and <strong>the</strong> evaluation of public investment decisions,” American Economic Review, 60(3) (1970). For a good overview of <strong>the</strong> economics of insurance, see Nicholas Barr, <strong>The</strong> Economics of <strong>the</strong> <strong>Welfare</strong> <strong>State</strong>, 3rd edn (Stan<strong>for</strong>d, CA: Stan<strong>for</strong>d University Press, 1998), chap. 5. 56 For studies on misperception of risk, see Daniel Ellsberg, “Risk, ambiguity, and <strong>the</strong> savage axioms,” Quarterly Journal of Economics, 75(4) (1961), 643; Paul J.H.Schoemaker, “<strong>The</strong> expected utility model: its variants, purpose, evidence, and limitations,” Journal of Economic Literature, 20(2) (1982); Jens Beckert, “What is sociological about economic sociology? Uncertainty and <strong>the</strong> embeddedness of economic action,” <strong>The</strong>ory and Society, 25(6) (1996), p. 802. An insightful paper by George A.Akerlof and Janet L.Yellen, “Rational models of irrational behavior,” American Economic Review, 77(2) (1987); Papers and Proceedings, deals with how human decision-making, far from being scientific, depends on simple “shorthand” heuristic devices that can often lead to predictable biases. On this latter point, see also Amos Tversky and Daniel Kahneman, “Judgment and uncertainty: heuristics and biases,”Science, 185 (1974), p. 1124; Ola Svenson, “Are we all less risky and more skillful than our fellow drivers?,” Acta Psychologica, 47(1981), p. 143; Neil D.Weinstein, “Why it won’t happen to me: perceptions of risk factors and susceptibility,” Health
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Preface This book is the by-product
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1 Introduction This book is in part
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Introduction 3 often done so only a
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Introduction 5 Housing vouchers In
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Introduction 7 The promise of vouch
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Introduction 9 The Poor Law treated
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Introduction 11 Promoting economic
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2 The case for vouchers Introductio
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The case for vouchers 15 Figure 2.1
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The case for vouchers 17 government
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supply determined by state 5. Publi
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The case for vouchers 21 Some comme
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The case for vouchers 23 In the sec
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The case for vouchers 25 investment
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The case for vouchers 27 private ac
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The case for vouchers 31 opportunit
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The case for vouchers 33 savings de
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The case for vouchers 37 Advocates
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The case for vouchers 39 this way,
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3 Food stamps Introduction The US F
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Food stamps 43 features of what has
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Food stamps 45 A policy history of
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Food stamps 47 in turn could be uti
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Food stamps 49 as assistance would
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Food stamps 51 than they would with
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Food stamps 53 Specifically, the pr
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Food stamps 55 seems to discriminat
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4 Low-income housing Introduction A
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Low-income housing 59 bachelor apar
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Low-income housing 61 policies can
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Low-income housing 63 It can thus b
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Low-income housing 65 towns and com
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Low-income housing 67 part of low-i
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Low-income housing 69 The principal
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Low-income housing 71 operating cos
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Low-income housing 73 Ensuring a de
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5 Legal aid Introduction Essential
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Legal aid 77 distribution. When loo
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Legal aid 81 • It limits the use
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Legal aid 83 abide by a series of r
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Legal aid 85 significant start-up c
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Legal aid 87 agent? The problem of
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Legal aid 89 jail. Additionally, by
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Legal aid 91 themselves whether the
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Legal aid 93 First, clear standards
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Legal aid 95 corresponding voucher,
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6 Health care Introduction Health c
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Health care 99 1975-39 percent of t
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Health care 101 service basis. That
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Health care 103 A second limitation
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Health care 105 general practitione
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Health care 107 Managed competition
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Health care 109 While these feature
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Health care 111 Qualified consumers
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Health care 113 pay for is an entir
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Health care 115 risk patients or so
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Health care 117 and unpredictable.
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Health care 119 redeem the governme
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Health care 121 Conclusion We belie
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Early childhood education 123 There
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Early childhood education 125 1989
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Early childhood education 127 limit
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Early childhood education 129 Desig
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Early childhood education 131 nomin
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Early childhood education 133 manif
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Early childhood education 135 opted
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Early childhood education 137 Despi
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Primary and secondary education 139
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Primary and secondary education 141
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Primary and secondary education 143
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Primary and secondary education 145
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Primary and secondary education 147
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Primary and secondary education 155
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Primary and secondary education 157
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Primary and secondary education 159
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Primary and secondary education 161
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Primary and secondary education 163
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Primary and secondary education 165
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9 Post-secondary education Introduc
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Post-secondary education 169 and am
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Post-secondary education 171 consid
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Index 273 Hart, O. et al. 19, 25, 2
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Index 275 effect of globalization 2
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voucher system 71-4, 75-7 Luban, D.
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as credence good 172, 268(n169); de
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Index 281 and legal aid 85-90; obje
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Index 283 and insuring individual r