Rethinking the Welfare State: The prospects for ... - e-Library

Notes 247
68 Fuller et al, supra note 15, p. 107.
69 Cleveland and Colley, supra note 2, p. 16.
70 Press and Hayes, supra note 43, p. 32.
71 Ibid., p. 33.
72 Ibid., p. 18.
73 Cleveland and Colley, supra note 2, p. 73.
74 Hagy, supra note 63.
75 Blau, supra note 31, pp. 65–6.
76 Cleveland and Colley, supra note 2, pp. 16–17.
77 Ibid., p. 17.
78 According to some experts “no less than 1 percent of the gross domestic product of the
countries should be spent on the ECE system.” Wolfgang Tietze and Debby Cryer, “Current
trends in European early child care and education,” Annals qf the American Academy of
Political and Social Science, 563 (1999), p. 191.
79 Anne B.Shlay, Marsha Weinraub, Michelle Harmon and Henry Tran, “Barriers to subsidies:
why low-income families do not use child care subsidies,” Temple University Institute for
Survey Research (2002), p. 5, available at:
www.temple.edu/cpp/content/reports/Barriers_To_Subsidies.pdf.
80 Ibid., p. 5.
81 Ibid., p. 17.
82 Fuller et al., supra note 15, pp. 110–11.
83 Shlay et al., supra note 79, p. 24.
84 Meyers and Heintze, supra note 14, p. 60.
85 Blau, supra note 31, p. 20.
86 Ibid., p. 28.
87 Ibid., p. 21.
88 Cleveland and Colley, supra note 2, p. 76.
89 Douglas J.Besharov and Nazinin Samari, “Child care vouchers and cash payments,” in
C.Eugene Steuerle, Van Doorn Ooms, George Peterson and Robert D.Reischauer (eds)
Vouchers and the Provision of Public Services (Washinton, DC: Brookings Institution Press,
CED, Urban Institute Press, 2000), p. 200. Several day care centres were reported to be price
discriminating by offering lower prices to those who were not benefiting from government
subsidization.
90 Council of Economic Advisors, supra note 1.
91 Philip K.Robins, “Child care policy and research: an economist’s perspective,” in David
Blau (ed.) The Economics of Child Care (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1991), p. 37.
92 If prices increase because providers have turned to providing higher-quality services, we
should not be concerned. Such quality increases would probably be a very worthwhile
government expenditure given the high positive externalities associated with high-quality
child care. The trouble in this regard is that it is often quite difficult to evaluate the quality of
child care programmes, and higher prices may indicate anti-competitive behaviour, collusion
amongst suppliers (unlikely given the ease of entry and large number of suppliers), or the
implementation of worthwhile and needed quality improvements.
93 W.Steven Barnett and Leonard N.Masse, “Funding issues for early childhood care and
education programs,” in D.Cryer (ed.) Early Childhood Education and Care in the USA
(Baltimore, MD: Paul H. Brookes, 2003), pp. 8–14.
94 Joseph P.Newhouse and The Insurance Experiment Group, Free For All? Lessons from the
RAND Health Insurance Experiment (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1993), pp.
40, 79.
95 Cleveland and Colley, supra note 2, p. 8.
96 For an extended discussion, see Chapter 7 on primary and secondary education.