Rethinking the Welfare State: The prospects for ... - e-Library

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Introduction 11 Promoting economic stability Another public goal embedded in social welfare policies and programs is the promotion of economic stability. By and large, recognition of, and support for, the role of government in deploying social welfare as an instrument for economic stabilization can be traced to the devastating harm suffered by citizens during the Great Depression. In particular, the depth and magnitude of the Depression caused economists to reconsider whether economic instability and not economic stability was the norm. 58 The classical view had been based on an economic model which considered the business cycle to be capable of self-correction, with a natural equilibrium point of full production and employment. 59 As it became apparent that economic downturns were more common than had been previously thought, receptivity grew to the desirability of government economic intervention. 60 Indeed, “[i]t was realized that social policy must be conceived as allied to general economic policy, and not as a separate area of political action governed by principles peculiar to itself.” 61 This shift towards viewing social policy as an instrument of economic stabilization was reflected in the establishment of government works projects, whose purpose was to inject money directly and indirectly into the economy Providing an equitable distribution of resources As T.H.Marshall famously argued, a central goal of welfare is the promotion of equal citizenship. For Marshall, citizenship meant focusing not only on civil rights, which secure the ability of the individual to advocate for greater entitlements, but also on social rights, which are achieved when groups exercising political power claim an “absolute right to a certain standard of civilization which is conditional only on the discharge of the general duties of citizenship.” 62 According to Marshall, this claim for social rights is primarily aimed at eliminating the “nuisance of destitution in the lowest ranks of society.” 63 During and after the Second World War, this distributional claim was given increasing recognition by industrialized democracies. For instance, in 1942, the British Beveridge Report (1942) argued that “[s]ocial insurance should aim at guaranteeing the minimum income needed for subsistence.” 64 By ensuring uniformity of contributions and benefits among all citizens, the risks of particular industries could be distributed across all sectors, and social services could be accessed based on need, rather than by means-testing. 65 The system proposed by Beveridge, however, encompassed more than just the alleviation of unemployment. It was aimed at the five “giants on the road of reconstruction,” which included: want, disease, ignorance, squalor and idleness. 66 Conclusion Our brief review of the various rationales for public intervention in the modern welfare state underscores a central point for our study of the prospects for government by voucher, namely that, despite the oft-made and illogical connection between means and ends, there is, in fact, no innate or inexorable linkage between certain ends of the welfare state and instrument choice. Public subsidies on the demand-side and private delivery of services on the supply-side can respond at least as well as public provision to all of the
Rethinking the selfare state 12 goals that have been enveloped by the social welfare state. Indeed, as we shall see, in many cases, it can be demonstrated that private provision of publicly financed goods and services is superior on a number of different dimensions to conventional public provision. We now turn to a systematic exploration of this issue.
Page 2: Rethinking the Welfare State This b
Page 5 and 6: First published 2005 by Routledge 2
Page 7 and 8: Preface This book is the by-product
Page 10 and 11: 1 Introduction This book is in part
Page 12 and 13: Introduction 3 often done so only a
Page 14 and 15: Introduction 5 Housing vouchers In
Page 16 and 17: Introduction 7 The promise of vouch
Page 18 and 19: Introduction 9 The Poor Law treated
Page 22 and 23: 2 The case for vouchers Introductio
Page 24 and 25: The case for vouchers 15 Figure 2.1
Page 26 and 27: The case for vouchers 17 government
Page 28 and 29: supply determined by state 5. Publi
Page 30 and 31: The case for vouchers 21 Some comme
Page 32 and 33: The case for vouchers 23 In the sec
Page 34 and 35: The case for vouchers 25 investment
Page 36 and 37: The case for vouchers 27 private ac
Page 38 and 39: The case for vouchers 29 manipulate
Page 40 and 41: The case for vouchers 31 opportunit
Page 42 and 43: The case for vouchers 33 savings de
Page 44 and 45: The case for vouchers 35 goods and
Page 46 and 47: The case for vouchers 37 Advocates
Page 48 and 49: The case for vouchers 39 this way,
Page 50 and 51: 3 Food stamps Introduction The US F
Page 52 and 53: Food stamps 43 features of what has
Page 54 and 55: Food stamps 45 A policy history of
Page 56 and 57: Food stamps 47 in turn could be uti
Page 58 and 59: Food stamps 49 as assistance would
Page 60 and 61: Food stamps 51 than they would with
Page 62 and 63: Food stamps 53 Specifically, the pr
Page 64 and 65: Food stamps 55 seems to discriminat
Page 66 and 67: 4 Low-income housing Introduction A
Page 68 and 69: Low-income housing 59 bachelor apar
Page 70 and 71:
Low-income housing 61 policies can
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Low-income housing 63 It can thus b
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Low-income housing 65 towns and com
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Low-income housing 67 part of low-i
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Low-income housing 69 The principal
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Low-income housing 71 operating cos
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Low-income housing 73 Ensuring a de
Page 84 and 85:
5 Legal aid Introduction Essential
Page 86 and 87:
Legal aid 77 distribution. When loo
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Legal aid 79 redistribute social ad
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Legal aid 81 • It limits the use
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Legal aid 83 abide by a series of r
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Legal aid 85 significant start-up c
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Legal aid 87 agent? The problem of
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Legal aid 89 jail. Additionally, by
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Legal aid 91 themselves whether the
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Legal aid 93 First, clear standards
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Legal aid 95 corresponding voucher,
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6 Health care Introduction Health c
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Health care 99 1975-39 percent of t
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Health care 101 service basis. That
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Health care 103 A second limitation
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Health care 105 general practitione
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Health care 107 Managed competition
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Health care 109 While these feature
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Health care 111 Qualified consumers
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Health care 113 pay for is an entir
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Health care 115 risk patients or so
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Health care 117 and unpredictable.
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Health care 119 redeem the governme
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Health care 121 Conclusion We belie
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Early childhood education 123 There
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Early childhood education 125 1989
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Early childhood education 127 limit
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Early childhood education 129 Desig
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Early childhood education 131 nomin
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Early childhood education 133 manif
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Early childhood education 135 opted
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Early childhood education 137 Despi
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Primary and secondary education 139
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9 Post-secondary education Introduc
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Post-secondary education 169 and am
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Post-secondary education 171 consid
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Post-secondary education 173 Qualit
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Post-secondary education 175 United
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Post-secondary education 177 system
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Post-secondary education 179 Qualif
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Post-secondary education 181 whethe
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Post-secondary education 183 univer
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Post-secondary education 185 will a
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10 Labour market training Introduct
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Labour market training 189 conflict
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Labour market training 191 some ben
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Labour market training 193 extent t
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Labour market training 195 ineffici
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Labour market training 197 provider
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Labour market training 199 through
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Labour market training 201 criteria
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Labour market training 203 labour m
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Labour market training 205 costs or
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Labour market training 207 able to
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Labour market training 209 reflect
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Conclusion 211 considering the prom
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Conclusion 213 major puzzles. The t
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Conclusion 215 them in their variou
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Conclusion 217 whether justified or
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Conclusion 219 such complexity or c
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Conclusion 221 require political re
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Notes 223 22 William Raspberry, “
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Notes 225 Psychology, 3(5) (1984),
Page 236 and 237:
Notes 227 85; see also Harvey Rosen
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Notes 229 recognition built into co
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Notes 231 49 Tuttle, supra note 4,
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Notes 233 24 Gautreaux v.Chicago Ho
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Notes 235 92 William S.Strange, The
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Notes 237 52 Blankenberg, E., “Co
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Notes 239 16 See Colleen Flood and
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Notes 241 69 Martin Pfaff and Dietm
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Notes 243 116 Johan Hjertqvist, “
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Notes 245 27 Gordon Cleveland and D
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Notes 247 68 Fuller et al, supra no
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Notes 249 6 See, for example, Cass
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Notes 251 attention to the quality
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Notes 253 81 Ibid. 82 Ibid., p. 4.
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Notes 255 147 In the Alberta charte
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Notes 257 170 Michael Fullan, The N
Page 268 and 269:
Notes 259 19 This lack of flexibili
Page 270 and 271:
Notes 261 73 Riddell, supra note 3,
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Notes 263 may have general human ca
Page 274 and 275:
Notes 265 69 Eduardo Martinez Espin
Page 276 and 277:
Notes 267 3 Steven Kelman, Making P
Page 278 and 279:
Index 269 costs of 141; designing n
Page 280 and 281:
Index 271 background 128; designing
Page 282 and 283:
Index 273 Hart, O. et al. 19, 25, 2
Page 284 and 285:
Index 275 effect of globalization 2
Page 286 and 287:
voucher system 71-4, 75-7 Luban, D.
Page 288 and 289:
as credence good 172, 268(n169); de
Page 290 and 291:
Index 281 and legal aid 85-90; obje
Page 292:
Index 283 and insuring individual r
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