Notes 253 81 Ibid. 82 Ibid., p. 4. 83 H.M.Levin, “Educational vouchers: effectiveness, choice, and costs,” Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, 17(3) (1998), p. 379. 84 John Goodman, supra note 45, p. 388. 85 Ibid. 86 Ibid., p. 383. 87 Ibid. 88 Helen F.Ladd, supra note 47, p. 10. 89 John Goodman, supra note 45, p. 383. 90 Derek Neal, “How vouchers could change <strong>the</strong> market <strong>for</strong> education,” Journal of Economic Perspectives, 16(4) (2002), p. 30. 91 Caroline M.Hoxby, supra note 46, pp. 25, 57. 92 Ibid., p. 59. 93 Ibid., p. 37. 94 Witte, supra note 2, p. 105. 95 Ibid., p. 93. 96 Ibid., pp. 142–3, 151. 97 Jay P.Greene, William G.Howell, and Paul E.Peterson, “An evaluation of <strong>the</strong> Cleveland voucher program,” Program on Education Policy and Governance (1997), available at: http://www.schoolchoices.org/roo/clevelandl.htm. 98 Ibid. 99 John Goodman, supra note 45, p. 385. 100 Ibid. 101 Suzanne Hansen, “School vouchers: <strong>the</strong> answer to a failing public school system,” Hamline Journal of Public Law and Policy, 23 (2001), p. 89. 102 Robert Holland and Don Soifer, “How school choice benefits <strong>the</strong> urban poor,” Howard Law Journal, 45 (2002), p. 349. 103 John Goodman, supra note 45, p. 392. 104 Mogens Kamp Justesen, “Learning from Europe: <strong>the</strong> Dutch and Danish school systems,” Adam Smith Institute (London, 2002), p. 17, available at: www.adamsmith.org/policy/publications/pdf-files/learning-from-europe.pdf. 105 Ibid., p. 21. 106 Ibid., p. 17. 107 Ibid., p. 20. 108 Ibid., p. 21. 109 Ibid., p. 22. 110 Arthur Sweetman, supra note 69, Table 8. 111 Mogens Kamp Justesen, supra note 104, p. 23. 112 Joshua D.Angrist, Eric Bettinger, Erik Bloom, Elizabeth King and Michael Kremer, “Vouchers <strong>for</strong> private schooling in Colombia: evidence from a randomized natural experiment,” NBER Working Paper no. 8343 (2001), p. 4, available at: http://www.nber.org/papers/w8343. 113 Ibid. 114 Ibid., p. 3. 115 Ibid., p. 14. 116 Edwin G.West, supra note 56. 117 John Goodman, supra note 45, p. 386. 118 Michael Kremer, “Randomized evaluations of educational programs in developing countries: some lessons,” available at: post.economics.harvard.edu/faculty/kremer/ webpapers/Randomized_Evaluations.pdf. 119 Angrist et al., supra note 112, p. 17.
Notes 254 120 Ibid., p. 24. 121 Ibid., p. 25. 122 See Dante Contreras, “Vouchers, school choice and <strong>the</strong> access to higher education,” Center Discussion Paper No. 845 (2002), available at: www.econ.yale.edu/growth_pdf/cdp845.pdf. 123 Edwin G.West, supra note 56. 124 Dante Contreras, supra note 122, p. 4. 125 Edwin G.West, supra note 56. 126 Dante Contreras, supra note 122, p. 21. 127 Edwin G.West, supra note 56. 128 Dante Contreras, supra note 122, p. 14. 129 Witte, supra note 2, p. 74. Note that <strong>the</strong> inclusion of erstwhile private school students in a voucher regime dilutes <strong>the</strong> per-student funding of those who were in <strong>the</strong> public system <strong>for</strong> <strong>the</strong> entire time, while at <strong>the</strong> same time putting pressures on <strong>the</strong> voucher system <strong>for</strong> increased funding. 130 Ibid., p. 196. 131 See Peterson, supra note 74. 132 Witte, supra note 2, pp. 191–2. 133 Isabel V.Sawhill (with Shannon L.Smith), “Vouchers <strong>for</strong> elementary and secondary education,” in C.Eugene Steuerle, Van Doorn Ooms, George Peterson and Robert D.Reischauer (eds) Vouchers and <strong>the</strong> Provision of Public Services (Washington, DG: Brookings Institution Press, CED, Urban Institute Press, 2000), p. 261. 134 <strong>The</strong> suggestion is that, with a one-time introduction of a voucher programme, erstwhile private institutions may be highly oversubscribed while schools that were previously part of <strong>the</strong> public system may be undersubscribed. Upon allocation of places in each school, some students would inevitably have no alternative o<strong>the</strong>r than to attend a previously public institution. This alternative might not, as a matter of fact, be a poor one once <strong>the</strong> erstwhile public school is set in a different institutional environment with much stronger incentives to per<strong>for</strong>m. Psychologically and symbolically, however, parents most concerned about <strong>the</strong> quality of <strong>the</strong>ir child’s school will most likely seek schools that were previously private. 135 Weale, supra note 11, p. 484. 136 Witte, supra note 2, pp. 197–9. 137 Ibid., pp. 7, 18. 138 Such as those suggested by <strong>the</strong> Panel on <strong>the</strong> Role of Government, Investing In People: Creating a Human Capital Society <strong>for</strong> Ontario (Toronto: Queen’s Printer <strong>for</strong> Ontario, 2004), p. 14. 139 Williams, supra note 48, pp. 21–2. 140 Arthur Hauptman, “Vouchers and American higher education,” in C.Eugene Steuerle, Van Doorn Ooms, George Peterson and Robert D.Reischauer (eds) Vouchers and <strong>the</strong> Provision of Public Services (Washinton, DC: Brookings Institution Press, CED, Urban Institute Press, 2000), p. 363. 141 This, along with <strong>the</strong> question of <strong>the</strong> state-to-state constitutionality of school vouchers <strong>for</strong> private religious primary and secondary education, is <strong>the</strong> most important legal issue in <strong>the</strong> voucher debate in America. For a discussion, see Joseph P.Viteritti, “School choice and state constitutional law,” in P.E.Peterson and B.G.Hassel (eds) Learning from School Choice (Washington, DG: Brookings Institution, 1998), p. 409. 142 Lemon v.Kurtzman, 403 US 602 (1971) 143 Lemon v.Kurtzman, pp. 612–13. Quoted in Elisha Winkler, “Simmons-Harris v. Zelman,” American University Journal of Gender, Social Policy and <strong>the</strong> Law, 10 (2002), p. 758. 144 Mitchell v.Helms, 530 US 793, 845 (2000). 145 Frank R.Kemerer, “Reconsidering <strong>the</strong> constitutionality of vouchers,” Journal of Law and Education, 30 (2000), p. 443. 146 Zelman v.Simmons-Harris, 122 S. Ct. 2460 (2002).
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Rethinking the Welfare State This b
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Preface This book is the by-product
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1 Introduction This book is in part
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Introduction 3 often done so only a
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Introduction 5 Housing vouchers In
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Introduction 7 The promise of vouch
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Introduction 9 The Poor Law treated
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Introduction 11 Promoting economic
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2 The case for vouchers Introductio
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supply determined by state 5. Publi
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The case for vouchers 21 Some comme
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The case for vouchers 23 In the sec
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The case for vouchers 37 Advocates
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The case for vouchers 39 this way,
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3 Food stamps Introduction The US F
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Food stamps 43 features of what has
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Food stamps 49 as assistance would
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Food stamps 51 than they would with
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Food stamps 53 Specifically, the pr
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Food stamps 55 seems to discriminat
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4 Low-income housing Introduction A
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Low-income housing 59 bachelor apar
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Low-income housing 61 policies can
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Low-income housing 63 It can thus b
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Low-income housing 65 towns and com
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Low-income housing 67 part of low-i
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Low-income housing 71 operating cos
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Low-income housing 73 Ensuring a de
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Legal aid 77 distribution. When loo
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Legal aid 81 • It limits the use
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Legal aid 93 First, clear standards
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Legal aid 95 corresponding voucher,
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6 Health care Introduction Health c
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Health care 99 1975-39 percent of t
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Health care 101 service basis. That
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Health care 103 A second limitation
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Health care 105 general practitione
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Health care 107 Managed competition
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Health care 109 While these feature
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Health care 111 Qualified consumers
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Health care 113 pay for is an entir
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Health care 115 risk patients or so
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Health care 117 and unpredictable.
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Health care 119 redeem the governme
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Health care 121 Conclusion We belie
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Early childhood education 123 There
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Early childhood education 125 1989
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Early childhood education 127 limit
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Primary and secondary education 139
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Post-secondary education 169 and am
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Labour market training 189 conflict
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Labour market training 195 ineffici
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Labour market training 201 criteria
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