Rethinking the Welfare State: The prospects for ... - e-Library

Notes 224
45 T.H.Marshall (ed.) Citizenship and Social Class and Other Essays (Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press, 1950), p. 24.
46 Marshall, supra note 44, p. 26. With regards to Germany, see Christoph Butterwegge,
Wohlfahrtsstaat im Wandel: Probleme under Perspektiven der Sozialpolitik, 2nd edn
(Opladen: Leske u. Budrich, 1999), p. 24; Hans Pohl (ed.), “Einführung,” Staatliche,
städtische, betriebliche und kirchliche Sozialpolitik vom Mittelalter bis zur Gegenwart
(VSWG.-B. 95) (Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag, 1989), p. 19; and Heinz Lampert,
Sozialpolitik, I: staatliche, in Willi Albers et al. (eds) Handwörterbuch der
Wirtschaftswissenschaft, vol. 7 (Stuttgart: Vandenhoeck and Ruprecht, 1977–83), p. 73.
With regards to France, see Timothy B.Smith, Creating the Welfare State in France, 1880–
1940 (Montreal and Kingston, Ontario: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 2003).
47 Christian Marzahn, “Das Zucht-und Arbeitshaus. Die Kerninstitution frühbürger-licher
Sozialpolitik,” in Christian Marzahn and Hans-Günther Ritz (eds) Zähmen und Bewahren.
Die Anfänge bürgerlicher Sozialpolitik (Bielefeld: AJZ, 1984), p. 67. Quoted in Christoph
Butterwegge, Wohlfahrtsstaat im Wandel, p. 25.
48 Albert Weale, “Equality, social solidarity and the welfare state,” Ethics, 100 (1990), p. 477.
49 Marshall, supra note 44, p. 23.
50 Historical Statistics of the United States, Colonial Times to 1970, Bicentennial edn, Bureau
of the Census, Department of Commerce (Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office,
1975), part 2, p. 1140, series Y. Quoted in Theda Skocpol, “America’s first social security
system: the expansion of benefits for Civil War veterans,” in Skocpol, Social Policy in the
United States, p. 42, n. 16.
51 Skocpol, ibid., p. 37, with statistics from Report of the Commissioner of Pensions in Reports
of the Department of the Interior for the Fiscal Year Ended June 20, 1910, vol. 1
(Washington DC: Government Printing Office, 1911), pp. 146,149; and US Bureau of the
Census, Historical Statistics of the United States, Bicentennial edn, part 1 (Washington, DC:
Government Printing Office, 1975), 15, series A, p. 133.
52 Skocpol, ibid., p. 44.
53 Marshall, supra note 44, p. 83.
54 David A.Moss, When All Else Fails: Government as Ultimate Risk Manager (Cambridge,
MA: Cambridge University Press, 2002); Andrew Green, “The evolution of government as
risk manager in Canada,” Panel on the Role of Government Research Paper Series, RP (4),
October 2002.
55 Kenneth F.Arrow, “Uncertainty and the welfare economics of medical care,” American
Economic Review, 53 (1963), pp. 941–73; and Kenneth J.Arrow and Robert C.Lind,
“Uncertainty and the evaluation of public investment decisions,” American Economic
Review, 60(3) (1970). For a good overview of the economics of insurance, see Nicholas
Barr, The Economics of the Welfare State, 3rd edn (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press,
1998), chap. 5.
56 For studies on misperception of risk, see Daniel Ellsberg, “Risk, ambiguity, and the savage
axioms,” Quarterly Journal of Economics, 75(4) (1961), 643; Paul J.H.Schoemaker, “The
expected utility model: its variants, purpose, evidence, and limitations,” Journal of
Economic Literature, 20(2) (1982); Jens Beckert, “What is sociological about economic
sociology? Uncertainty and the embeddedness of economic action,” Theory and Society,
25(6) (1996), p. 802. An insightful paper by George A.Akerlof and Janet L.Yellen, “Rational
models of irrational behavior,” American Economic Review, 77(2) (1987); Papers and
Proceedings, deals with how human decision-making, far from being scientific, depends on
simple “shorthand” heuristic devices that can often lead to predictable biases. On this latter
point, see also Amos Tversky and Daniel Kahneman, “Judgment and uncertainty: heuristics
and biases,”Science, 185 (1974), p. 1124; Ola Svenson, “Are we all less risky and more
skillful than our fellow drivers?,” Acta Psychologica, 47(1981), p. 143; Neil D.Weinstein,
“Why it won’t happen to me: perceptions of risk factors and susceptibility,” Health