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Notes 264
44 These are programs designed to bring individuals into the labour market. They are distinct
from programs designed to increase the skills-level of those already employed.
45 From 41.3 percent to 65.4 percent of single parents, from 27.9 percent to 82.9 percent of
disadvantaged adults, and 48.4 percent or more of disadvantaged youth failed to graduate
from high school. Figures are reported in Fazil Milhar and M. Danielle Smith, Government-
Sponsored Training Programs: Failure in the United States, Lessons for Canada
(Vancouver: Fraser Institute, 1997), pp. 4–7.
46 Results were best for single parents, who were at the top of the spectrum in each category.
The other two groups experienced virtually no gains in any of the categories. Over-all,
earnings increased from nothing to as much as $19.96 per week; employment levels by a
maximum of 13.6 percent and as little as nothing, dependence on government aid fell
slightly among single parents, but not at all among the other two groups. These figures are
from Milhar and Smith, ibid., p. 5.
47 See Donahue, supra note 20, pp. 179, 198.
48 Burt S.Barnow, “Vouchers for federal targeted training programs,” in C.Eugene Steuerle,
Van Doorn Ooms, George Peterson and Robert D.Reischauer (eds) Vouchers and the
Provision of Public Services (Washinton, DC: Brookings Institution Press, CED, Urban
Institute Press, 2000), p. 245.
49 Fay, supra note 5, pp. 27, 60.
50 W.Craig Riddell, “Human capital formation in Canada: recent developments and policy
responses,” in Keith Banting and C.M.Beach (eds) Labour Market Polarization and Social
Policy Reform (Kingston, Ontario: School of Policy Studies, 1995), p. 162. “When
classroom training works, it seems to work best for youths and females reentering the labour
market.”
51 See P.Treh’rning, Measures to Combat Unemployment in Sweden (Stockholm: Swedish
Institute, 1993); Swedish Institute, Fact Sheets on Sweden—Swedish Labour Market Policy,
(Stockholm: Swedish Institute, 1994).
52 OECD, supra note 39, p. 10.
53 Ibid., p. 43.
54 Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, The OECD Jobs Study:
Implementing the Strategy (Paris: OECD, 1995), p. 29.
55 Martin, supra note 1, p. 17.
56 Hattiangadi, supra note 42.
57 Fay, supra note 5, p. 22.
58 Results reported in Milhar and Smith, supra note 45.
59 Martin, supra note 1, p. 20.
60 Mihlar and Smith, supra note 45.
61 Fazil Mihlar and M.Danielle Smith, “Government-sponsored training programs not a
solution for unemployed Canadians,” The Fraser Institute (December, 1997), available at:
http://oldfraser.lexi.net/publications/forum/1998/january/release.html.
62 Ibid.
63 Ibid.
64 Ibid.
65 Ibid.
66 Gunderson and Riddell, supra note 20.
67 David Leadbeater and Peter Suschnigg, “Training as the principal focus of adjustment
policy: a critical view from Northern Ontario,” Canadian Public Policy, 23(1) (1997), pp.
14–15.
68 Robert G.Fay, “Making the public employment service more effective through the
introduction of market signals,” OECD Labour Market and Social Policy Occasional Paper
No. 25 (Paris: OECD, 1997), p. 3.