Rethinking the Welfare State: The prospects for ... - e-Library

Notes 243
116 Johan Hjertqvist, “Swedish health-care reform: from public monopolies to market
services,” available at: http://www.iedm.org/library/Hjertqvist_en.html.
117 Jacqueline S.Zinn, “Market competition and the quality of nursing home care,” Journal of
Health Politics, Policy and Law, 19(3) (1994), p. 556.
118 Ibid., p. 556.
119 Scott Miyake Geron, “The quality of consumer-directed long-term care,” available at:
http://www.asaging.org/generations/gen-24–3/qualitycons.html.
120 Ibid.
121 Although government officials dismiss the notion that there are significant numbers of
Canadians travelling south due to lack of proof, at the same time they make no effort to
compile the information. See Grad, supra note 13, p. 21.
122 Glied, supra note 9, p. 220.
7
Early childhood education
1 Between 1977 and 1993 the number of children under five years of age in non-parental care
with mothers in the paid labour force in the United States nearly tripled to almost 10 million.
See Council of Economic Advisors, “The economics of child care” (December, 1997),
available at: http://clinton3.nara.gov/WH/EOP/CEA/html/childcare.html. Similarly, as of
1998, in Canada approximately 60 percent of children under the age of six—or nearly 1.4
million children—had mothers who participated in the paid labour force. For more detailed
information, see Child Care Resource and Research Unit, Early Childhood Care and
Education in Canada: Provinces and Territories 1998, 4th edn (Toronto: University of
Toronto, 2000), p. 95.
2 Martha Friendly, “What is the public interest in child care?,” Policy Options, 18(3) (1997), p.
6. Public spending on early childhood education in both the United States and Canada is
lower than in most OECD countries, at a little above 0.2 percent of GDP as compared with
0.4–0.6 percent in Europe, while Australia and Denmark are the unusual outliers at levels as
low as 0.1 percent of GDP and as high as 0.8 percent respectively. See Gordon Cleveland
and Susan Colley, “The Future of Government in Supporting Early Childhood Education and
Care in Ontario,” Report to the Panel on the Role of Government in Ontario (2003), p. 13,
available at: http://www.law-lib.utoronto.ca/investing/reports/rp24a.pdf. Organization of
Economic Cooperation and Development, Education at a Glance: OECD Indicators
(OECD: Paris, 2003), p. 209. Denmark was spending as much as 1.1 percent of GDP on
child care prior to 2003.
3 Cleveland and Colley, supra note 2, p. 20.
4 Ibid., p. 7.
5 Ibid., p. 24.
6 Ibid.
7 D.L.Reeves, Child Care Crisis (Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, 1992), p. 28. However, they
may also be some negative externalities of child care. For example at page 29, child
psychologist Jay Belsky is quoted as arguing that evidence shows that “infants in day care
are more likely to develop insecure attachments to their parents…show more serious
aggression, less co-operation, less tolerance of frustration, more misbehaviour, and at times
social withdrawal.” The National Center for Clinical Infant Programs has taken the position
that these negative consequences are more closely associated with poor-quality child care
than with high-quality, stimulating child care environments, and that quality child care is
associated with thriving children and families rather than these negative outcomes.