Rethinking the Welfare State: The prospects for ... - e-Library

Notes 241
69 Martin Pfaff and Dietmar Wassener, “Germany,” Journal qf Health Politics, Policy and Law,
25(5) (2000), p. 911.
70 European Observatory on Health Care Systems, Health Care Systems in Transition:
Germany (2000), available at: http://www.observatory.dk/, pp. 52–3. As of 1997, Germany
spent US$2,364 per-capita on health care, which was second only to Switzerland among
WHO countries. As of 1998, Germany ranked first among WHO countries in terms of health
care spending as a percentage of GDP, with expenditures at 10.7 percent of GDP.
71 Ibid., p. 47.
72 Ibid., p. 96.
73 Ibid., pp. 114–15.
74 Belien, supra note 68.
75 Pfaff and Wassener, supra note 69, pp. 909–10.
76 Belien, supra note 68.
77 Hans Maarse and Aggie Paulus, “Has solidarity survived? A comparative analysis of social
health insurance reform in four European countries,” Journal of Health Politics, Policy and
Law, 28(4) (2003), p. 597.
78 Ibid.
79 Ibid.
80 Ibid.
81 Eddy van Doorslaer and Frederik T.Schut, “Belgium and the Netherlands revisited,” Journal
of Health Politics, Policy and Law, 25(5) (2000), p. 879.
82 Maarse et al., supra note 77, p. 601.
83 Our proposal for a tax-based user fee is based largely on S.Aba, W.Goodman, and J.Mintz,
“Funding public provision of private health: the case for co-payment contribution through
the tax system,” C.D.Howe Institute Commentary #163, May, 2002.
84 M.Stabile, “The role of benefit taxes in the health care sector,” p. 60 (Research Paper No. 14,
Panel on the Role of Government, 2003); Robert Evans, “Raising the money: options,
consequences, and objectives for financing health care in Canada,” Discussion Paper No. 27
for the Commission on the Future of Health Care in Canada (Romanow Commission),
October, 2002.
85 Ibid.
86 E.Forget, R.Deber and L.Roos, “Medical savings accounts: will they reduce costs?,”
Canadian Medical Association Journal, 167(2) (2002), pp. 143–7. Studies find that high
usage of medical services in the previous year is the best indicator of future usage; see
Stabile (2003). Under this system, diabetics and other individuals with chronic medical
conditions will owe the difference between the medical allowance and catastrophic coverage
each year. The persistent nature of health care usage leads some critics to argue that any
form of demand-side health care tax is simply a tax on the sick. See also Romanow (2002),
pp. 29–30.
87 See supra note 83.
88 Ibid.
89 See discussion in Stabile supra note 84; and Romanow supra note 29.
90 Colleen Flood, supra note 14, pp. 243–5.
91 U.Gerdtham, J.Sogaard, F.Andersson and B.Jonsson, “Econometric analysis of health
expenditure: a cross-section study of the OECD countries,” Journal of Health Economics, 11
(1992), pp. 63–84. However, studies done in aggregate are difficult to interpret and may
exaggerate a correlation between FFS and higher spending when other factors play a role.
92 Stabile, supra note 84, p. 59.
93 Le Grand, supra note 20, Chapter 7.
94 Colleen Flood, supra note 14, pp. 245–6.
95 M.Gaymor and M.Gertler, “Moral hazard and risk spreading in partnerships,” Rand Journal
of Economics, 26(4) (1995), pp. 591–613.