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Final Report 187 Table 7.9 Potential impacts of climate change on holiday destinations Location Climate Change impacts Greece & Turkey Heat stress/mortality; water supply restrictions; forest fires, urban smog Southern Spain Re-emergence of malaria; heat stress; flash floods; forest fires Florida & S.E. coastline of USA Sea level rises affecting recreation and tourist activities concentrated along the state’s beaches; severe storms discouraging holiday makers; erosion and coral bleaching; threat to geomorphology and ecology To exploit this possible opportunity will require maintaining a high quality environment, efficient transport systems and sufficient capacity to cope with a rise in tourist numbers (visitor management). If climate change also results in increased visitors to the UK as a whole, this would have implications for London, since the city’s airports and stations are the gateway to most visitors to the UK. On the other hand, heat waves might deter visitors to London. In the workshop, it was recognised that tourists do still visit Italian and Spanish cities in the summer. London in 50 years would be unlikely to exceed the temperature of popular tourist cities in southern Europe now, so it seems unlikely that the temperature per se would be off-putting. Indeed, if temperatures were to increase significantly in other cities which are currently popular tourist destinations, such as Venice, Florence, Rome, Barcelona, Seville, New York, etc., then it could be argued that they would indeed become less attractive tourist destinations, at least during the summer. In this case, there could be a transferral of visitors to London from those cities, at least during the hotter parts of the year. Many hotels in London do not have air conditioning at present, however. This, or alternative means of cooling rooms, would be necessary to provide a high quality destination. Similarly, cafes, restaurants, visitor attractions and retail centres would also require air cooling systems to remain at a high quality. Increased air pollution related to climate change would likely have an adverse impact upon tourism, as is suggested from the experience of Athens and Los Angeles. The changing climate may also have an impact upon the availability of some natural recreational resources Rivers, canals and other bodies of water would probably become more attractive destinations, provided that water quality could be maintained sufficiently. The draft London Plan includes the Blue Ribbon strategy which sets out a comprehensive agenda for utilising canals and rivers and other water bodies for leisure, recreation, tourism, redevelopment and commerce (GLA 2002a). As noted above, river-based commuting would be a cool option for some. There would be greater demands placed upon the existing swimming pools, of which there are 144 in Greater London, and outdoor recreation centres, including sites such as the Hampstead Heath Ponds. The Royal Parks would perhaps make their water bodies available for bathing, as they have done on very hot days in the past. This would carry with it health and safety implications, however, since water quality would have to be inspected and potential hazards from Lyme disease, broken glass and underwater objects, etc., would need to be monitored. Summer heat-waves in London and the heat island effect will encourage London residents to leave the city for short recreational trips. Theme parks and similar out-of-town excursion destinations may benefit. Destinations such as Thorpe Park, Surrey, which specialise in water features may be expected to benefit substantially.
Final Report 188 7.9.4 Socio-Economic Scenario Differences Under GM, global tourism would continue to expand, mainly through aviation bringing individuals from around the globe to far-flung destinations. London would continue to draw in visitors from all over the world. Under RS, on the other hand, there would be much less global tourism. There would probably be less London-based tourism, as the spatial pattern of tourism demand would tend to distribute more evenly around the UK. The international tourism market is, by contrast, strongly concentrated in and around London.
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london’swarming The Impacts of Cl
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London Climate Change Partnership A
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Contents Final Report i Executive S
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Final Report iii 5.8 Bibliography 8
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Final Report v 7.3.3 Case Study 156
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Final Report vii 8.5.1 Monitoring I
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Final Report ix Figure 3.3 River Th
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Executive Summary Final Report xi T
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Final Report xiii building and urba
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Final Report 2 There are two study
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Final Report 4
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Final Report 6 In this study histor
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Final Report 8
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Final Report 10 anomalies close to
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"Hot" day anomaly (days) Final Repo
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Final Report 14 3.3 Precipitation (
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Final Report 16 Table 3.1 The five
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Final Report 18 Figure 3.6 Number o
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Final Report 20 1900’s, 1940’s,
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Final Report 22 Figure 3.9 Days wit
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metres AOD Final Report 24 Figure 3
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Final Report 26 Figure 3.13 Number
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Final Report 28 quality is monitore
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Final Report 30 Table 3.2 Nature co
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Final Report 34 Table 3.4 Exemplar
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Climate indicators Recent trend Fin
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Final Report 38 Marsh, T.J. and Mon
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Final Report 40
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Final Report 42 Table 4.2 Consensus
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Final Report 44 Table 4.4 Summary o
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Final Report 46 Figure 4.1 Referenc
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Final Report 48 Precipitation By th
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Final Report 50 Sea Level Rates of
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Final Report 52 representing the un
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Final Report 54 Figure 4.7 Winter (
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Final Report 56 4.7 Statistical Dow
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Final Report 58 1961-90 plus 0.26º
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Final Report 60
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Final Report 62 temperature between
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Final Report 64 Table 5.2 Potential
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Final Report 66 without climate cha
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Final Report 68 paradox is explaine
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Final Report 70 Table 5.4 Changes i
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Final Report 72 to withstand floods
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Final Report 74 Figure 5.5 The 60-d
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Final Report 76 Figure 5.6 The area
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Final Report 78 use/restoration of
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Final Report 80 The most important
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Final Report 82 of air pollution co
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Final Report 84 5.6.6 Adaptation Op
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Final Report 86 Issues Climate vari
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Final Report 88 Davis, R.J. 2001. T
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Final Report 90 Klein, R.J.T., Nich
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Final Report 92 Reed, D.J. 1990. Th
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Final Report 94
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Final Report 96 and water supply (e
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Final Report 98 Medium-Low Emission
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Final Report 100 Variable Global Ma
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Final Report 102 6.4 Need for a Com
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Final Report 104 Figure 6.2 aims to
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Final Report 106 London’s attract
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Final Report 108 Figure 6.3 Autonom
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Final Report 110 levels of confiden
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Final Report 112 with some arguing
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Final Report 114 reducing the H/W r
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Final Report 116 groundwater storag
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Final Report 118 explored in Tokyo
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Final Report 120 Temperature Change
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Final Report 122 development on bro
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Final Report 124 requirement for fu
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Final Report 126 Figure 6.4 Flows o
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Final Report 128 6.11 Lifestyles an
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Final Report 130 2050s (DoH 2002).
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Final Report 132 Table 6.4 Potentia
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Final Report 134 glistening pebbles
Page 153 and 154: Final Report 136 is because there w
Page 155 and 156: Final Report 138 the very hottest w
Page 157 and 158: Final Report 140 Local meetings are
Page 159 and 160: Final Report 142 workshop in which
Page 161 and 162: Final Report 144 is important to no
Page 163 and 164: Final Report 146 Table 6.5 Summary
Page 165 and 166: Final Report 148 Martens, W. (1996)
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Page 169 and 170: Final Report 152 Box 1 A profile of
Page 171 and 172: Final Report 154 ‘Y’ indicates
Page 173 and 174: Final Report 156 Impacts Due to Win
Page 175 and 176: Final Report 158 months would resul
Page 177 and 178: 7.3.6 Road Transport Final Report 1
Page 179 and 180: Final Report 162 It was suggested i
Page 181 and 182: Table 7.3 Summary Table of Impacts
Page 183 and 184: Final Report 166 In fact it is esti
Page 185 and 186: Table 7.4 Summary table of impacts
Page 187 and 188: Final Report 170 that a significant
Page 189 and 190: Final Report 172 than concrete and
Page 191 and 192: Final Report 174 through the implem
Page 193 and 194: 7.6 Financial Services Final Report
Page 197 and 198: Final Report 180 7.7.4 Impacts Due
Page 199 and 200: Final Report 182 7.8 Environmental
Page 212 and 213: Final Report 195 business strategy,
Page 214 and 215: Final Report 197 Sir William Halcro
Page 216 and 217: Final Report 8. Summary and Policy
Page 218 and 219: Issue Main Points Biodiversity Buil
Page 220 and 221: Issue Main Points Final Report 203
Page 222 and 223: Climate Impact Adaptation Options L
Page 224 and 225: Final Report 207 and will bear the
Page 226 and 227: Final Report 209 In an RS world, th
Page 228 and 229: Final Report 211 newcomers from acr
Page 230 and 231: Final Report 213 policies also stat
Page 232 and 233: 8.4.2 London Development Agency Fin
Page 234 and 235: Final Report 217 present study as w
Page 236 and 237: Final Report 219 • Could develope
Page 238 and 239: Final Report 221 consider recreatio
Page 240 and 241: 8.4.7 London Biodiversity Partnersh
Page 242 and 243: Final Report 225 8.5.5 Health and C
Page 244 and 245: Final Report 227 It is particularly
Page 246 and 247: 9. Conclusions 9.1 Initial Study Fi
Page 248 and 249: Final Report 231 frequency and inte
Page 250 and 251: Final Report 233 • Engaged a wide
Page 252 and 253: London Waste Thames Gateway London
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Aim of the Workshop Final Report 23
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Final Report 239 Table 2 Summary of
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Final Report 241 The notes made by
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Final Report 243 • Past populatio
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• Local Government implementation
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• Water table • Air conditionin
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• London Health Observatory Final
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Flooding Water Resources Air Qualit
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• Landfill location by river Fina
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• Tensions are limits to growth F
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Final Report 257 • Impacts on nat
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Final Report 259 • How will atmos
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Final Report 261 • Learn from cli
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Government Cultural Heritage • De
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Final Report 265 Where or who is ex
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• Business - transport + infrastr
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ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITIES Final Report
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Final Report 271 • Increased risk
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Final Report 273 • In Central Lon
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WORKSHOP EVALUATION Final Report 27
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Final Report 277 further study to e
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Final Report 279 Geoff Jenkins Hadl
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Final Report 281 Appendix C Represe
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Final Report 283 Climate prediction
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Final Report 285 GQA General Qualit
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Final Report 287 Stochastic A proce
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crime arising from extreme weather
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open spaces 113, 136-8, 212 increas
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tunnels (cont) stability 110 Tyndal
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