Barriers to Diversity in Film – A Research Review – Aug 07

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• There is no significant difference in the proportion of films Portrayal gaining a theatrical release with a male or female screenwriter. • There have been a number of large-scale US studies of representation of sexual orientation, gender and ethnicity in film. • After a history of being silenced and marginalised, lesbians and gay men began to be portrayed better in the 1990s, but most films are still designed to appeal to the majority audience and potential investors, making producers cautious about a focus on gay and lesbian characters. • A US study of female scientists and engineers in popular films in the 1990s found that subtle stereotyping persisted. • US studies have found that if women are involved in writing, production and directing, they create more female characters. • Black-owned companies are more likely to invest in their communities and provide work to minority ethnic professionals. • A Swedish study found that elderly people were under- represented in film and presented in stereotyped ways. They were either sexually inactive or their sexual activity was portrayed as comical or dangerous. • A study of on-screen representation in film and television in Canada found that men were more likely than women to be shown ’on the job’. Female characters were more likely to be seen dating or talking about romance. C:\Documents and Settings\mcorless\Desktop\Intranet\Barriers to Diversity in Film_DS_RB 20 Aug 07.doc 12
• Disabled people are under-represented as actors and filmmakers in the UK. There are few portrayals of disability as an ordinary everyday phenomenon. When they do appear, disabled people are often portrayed as asexual, criminals or freaks. • People from minority ethnic groups in the UK feel they are both under-represented and negatively stereotyped in British films and wish to see films more closely related to their day-to-day lives. • All groups do not want to be solely involved in making ‘ghettoised’ films. The case for diversity in film • The Commission for Racial Equality estimates that in less than five years, only 20% of the workforce will be white, able-bodied, male and under 45. The drive to recruit from a broad range of talent remains critical for the future of the sector. A diverse workforce can increase organisational effectiveness and maximise use of talent. • Educational attainment is not a major factor in discrepancies between groups recruited into the film sector. • The size and spending power of the older, gay, disabled and minority ethnic population groups is very large but these markets are not always understood properly by mainstream providers. C:\Documents and Settings\mcorless\Desktop\Intranet\Barriers to Diversity in Film_DS_RB 20 Aug 07.doc 13
Page 1 and 2: Barriers to Diversity in Film A Res
Page 3 and 4: CONTENTS Executive summary 7 1 Intr
Page 5 and 6: 3.4 Barriers to progression through
Page 7 and 8: 6.2 The business context 106 6.3 Th
Page 9 and 10: Executive Summary The review has in
Page 11: • Young people need advice on the
Page 15 and 16: • Monitor sexual orientation, but
Page 17 and 18: 1.1 Aims 1 Introduction: aims and s
Page 19 and 20: This review brings together researc
Page 21 and 22: The Select Committee on Culture, Me
Page 23 and 24: 2.2 Cinema audiences and film relea
Page 25 and 26: including tackling social exclusion
Page 27 and 28: 2.4 The changing population The UK
Page 29 and 30: 2.5 Diversity and equality of oppor
Page 31 and 32: The Act also has implications for c
Page 33 and 34: A new inclusive equalities agenda t
Page 35 and 36: sectoral and labour market change.
Page 37 and 38: critical of the failure of equality
Page 39 and 40: • If the film sector increased th
Page 41 and 42: 3: The film workforce Getting the r
Page 43 and 44: 3.2 Workforce data on under-represe
Page 45 and 46: Table 3.1 Film and video industry w
Page 47 and 48: data in these statistics on gender
Page 49 and 50: London 2006 s 2006 London 2002 e (L
Page 51 and 52: Other 65 35 All 61 39 Source : 2006
Page 53 and 54: ecause film professionals from mino
Page 55 and 56: male respondents earned £50,000 or
Page 57 and 58: Of 106 applications to the New Cine
Page 59 and 60: South West 6 23 Source: Skillset an
Page 61 and 62: Most employees are recruited inform
Page 63 and 64:
and minority ethnic people tending
Page 65 and 66:
3.3.7 Qualifications The 2005 Featu
Page 67 and 68:
very small numbers reported going o
Page 69 and 70:
over their future finances. They al
Page 71 and 72:
women experience ageing differently
Page 73 and 74:
stereotyped as working class, even
Page 75 and 76:
3.4.9 Commissioning and ‘ghettois
Page 77 and 78:
older than the rest of the workforc
Page 79 and 80:
Social benefits from the projects w
Page 81 and 82:
for women who have caring responsib
Page 83 and 84:
involved in a regular dialogue abou
Page 85 and 86:
population, though the regional dis
Page 87 and 88:
Table 4.1 Cinema audience by gender
Page 89 and 90:
Table 4.3 Cinema audience by gender
Page 91 and 92:
Cinema goers 13.1 86.9 PPV buyers 1
Page 93 and 94:
general population (perhaps excludi
Page 95 and 96:
4.4 Audiences for film on televisio
Page 97 and 98:
Science fiction 1.7 7.1 1.8 7 1.1 3
Page 99 and 100:
they were charming and displayed a
Page 101 and 102:
‘Respectable cinema’ including
Page 103 and 104:
4.6 Barriers to cinema attendance B
Page 105 and 106:
launched an online Diversity Toolki
Page 107 and 108:
• Half of people over 55 never go
Page 109 and 110:
o initiatives to improve the distri
Page 111 and 112:
All these debates are considered be
Page 113 and 114:
5.3 Employment and portrayal Does e
Page 115 and 116:
5.5 Stereotypes The stereotypical p
Page 117 and 118:
Russo analysed representation of ga
Page 119 and 120:
than homosexual (Cover op.cit.). Ho
Page 121 and 122:
ecause she is lesbian specifically
Page 123 and 124:
analyses 150 films and concludes th
Page 125 and 126:
The reasons for this under-represen
Page 127 and 128:
Reasons behind the illnesses and th
Page 129 and 130:
In a major report on the black and
Page 131 and 132:
national stereotyping such as funny
Page 133 and 134:
indiscriminate killing implies that
Page 135 and 136:
people who live abroad like to hang
Page 137 and 138:
However, a study in Sweden analysed
Page 139 and 140:
the ways these film types have deve
Page 141 and 142:
and ethnicity, and in any case, mon
Page 143 and 144:
• A study of on-screen representa
Page 145 and 146:
occupational groups, people from di
Page 147 and 148:
Our society has changed dramaticall
Page 149 and 150:
6.3 The business case - an overview
Page 151 and 152:
2007). The Commission for Racial Eq
Page 153 and 154:
eing disabled. The importance of th
Page 155 and 156:
in Western style holidays, but UK t
Page 157 and 158:
this specific audience and making a
Page 159 and 160:
Positive actions on race equality i
Page 161 and 162:
For example, women’s presence in
Page 163 and 164:
6.3.7 Legal compliance Companies ha
Page 165 and 166:
• Studies on the business case in
Page 167 and 168:
Access to employment in the sector
Page 169 and 170:
cinema tickets and rental films, an
Page 171 and 172:
have children. Women scientists are
Page 173 and 174:
teams encourage creativity. Recruit
Page 175 and 176:
minority ethnic women writers or pr
Page 177 and 178:
7.5.7 Decision makers’ attitudes
Page 179 and 180:
There is also a need for policy int
Page 181 and 182:
has rarely been evaluated for its l
Page 183 and 184:
The Leadership on Diversity Forum,
Page 185 and 186:
as the key intervention in diversit
Page 187 and 188:
housing management. Trainees felt c
Page 189 and 190:
voice to otherwise marginalised and
Page 191 and 192:
targeted funding for black and mino
Page 193 and 194:
Bhavnani R (1994) Black Women in th
Page 195 and 196:
Cowan K and Valentine G (2006) “T
Page 197 and 198:
European Commission (2005) “The B
Page 199 and 200:
199 Institute for Employment Studie
Page 201 and 202:
Murphy R (ed.) (2000) British Cinem
Page 203 and 204:
Skillset and Equity (2006) “Analy
Page 205:
UN (2000) “Gender and Racial Disc
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Barriers to Diversity in Film – A Research Review – Aug 07

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