Barriers to Diversity in Film – A Research Review – Aug 07

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gay men. The Performing Arts Survey provides information across the audio-visual sector on performers disaggregated by ‘race’, ethnicity and disability, but currently there is no research on the numbers and kinds of roles differing groups take in UK films, no research on minority ethnic, disabled or homosexual screenwriters. 7.2 Audiences Film is talked about in a variety of contexts by different audiences which gives film an important and distinctive place in contemporary debates. Engagement with under-represented groups who are potential cinema audiences is important since they do have income to spend on leisure. Women and men are equally represented in film audiences and, contrary to myth, the female 35+ audience group is larger than the male 15-24 audience group. Some minority ethnic groups attend the cinema more frequently than the rest of the population. This may be because Bollywood films attract significant Asian audiences, but also because minority ethnic groups have a much younger age structure and film audiences are predominantly young people. Half of the over 55s never go the cinema. Data on film genre preferences show that women enjoy family films, romantic comedies, crime and Bollywood, while men prefer action-led films. Minority ethnic groups are over-represented among buyers of C:\Documents and Settings\mcorless\Desktop\Intranet\Barriers to Diversity in Film_DS_RB 20 Aug 07.doc 168
cinema tickets and rental films, and more recently, slightly over- represented in pay-per-view, and under-represented in retail DVD. They are not likely to see literary adaptations of ‘heritage’ novels. At the same time, there are specific groups of under-served minority ethnic people who may attend a cinema which shows films in their languages and about their lives. Disabled people are under- represented in the film audience, except for retail video and DVD, and interventions to tackle access to the cinema for disabled people will be important in addressing the under-serving of certain audiences. There is no information on audiences based on sexual orientation and religion. In terms of exhibition, the sector is dominated by strong US companies who show films primarily from Hollywood. This has implications for the distribution of independent film and foreign language films (Aylett 2005). Recent mergers of cinema exhibitors may ensure that mainstream cinema thrives, while independent and foreign cinema require special strategies to build an audience, and may require policy interventions. The Independent Cinema Office emerged in 2003 to fill the vacuum left by the closure of the BFI Regional Programme unit (Aylett 2005). The UK Film Council has developed an initiative to install 250 digital projectors in cinemas across the exhibition circuit, involving both the independent and multiplex sectors. This initiative creates an opportunity to show more foreign language, independent and other specialised films (UK Film Council). C:\Documents and Settings\mcorless\Desktop\Intranet\Barriers to Diversity in Film_DS_RB 20 Aug 07.doc 169
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Barriers to Diversity in Film A Res
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CONTENTS Executive summary 7 1 Intr
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3.4 Barriers to progression through
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6.2 The business context 106 6.3 Th
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Executive Summary The review has in
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• Young people need advice on the
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• Disabled people are under-repre
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• Monitor sexual orientation, but
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1.1 Aims 1 Introduction: aims and s
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This review brings together researc
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The Select Committee on Culture, Me
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2.2 Cinema audiences and film relea
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including tackling social exclusion
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2.4 The changing population The UK
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2.5 Diversity and equality of oppor
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The Act also has implications for c
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A new inclusive equalities agenda t
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sectoral and labour market change.
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critical of the failure of equality
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• If the film sector increased th
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3: The film workforce Getting the r
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3.2 Workforce data on under-represe
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Table 3.1 Film and video industry w
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data in these statistics on gender
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London 2006 s 2006 London 2002 e (L
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Other 65 35 All 61 39 Source : 2006
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ecause film professionals from mino
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male respondents earned £50,000 or
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Of 106 applications to the New Cine
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South West 6 23 Source: Skillset an
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Most employees are recruited inform
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and minority ethnic people tending
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3.3.7 Qualifications The 2005 Featu
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very small numbers reported going o
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over their future finances. They al
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women experience ageing differently
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stereotyped as working class, even
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3.4.9 Commissioning and ‘ghettois
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older than the rest of the workforc
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Social benefits from the projects w
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for women who have caring responsib
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involved in a regular dialogue abou
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population, though the regional dis
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Table 4.1 Cinema audience by gender
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Table 4.3 Cinema audience by gender
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Cinema goers 13.1 86.9 PPV buyers 1
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general population (perhaps excludi
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4.4 Audiences for film on televisio
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Science fiction 1.7 7.1 1.8 7 1.1 3
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they were charming and displayed a
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‘Respectable cinema’ including
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4.6 Barriers to cinema attendance B
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launched an online Diversity Toolki
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• Half of people over 55 never go
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o initiatives to improve the distri
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All these debates are considered be
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5.3 Employment and portrayal Does e
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5.5 Stereotypes The stereotypical p
Page 117 and 118: Russo analysed representation of ga
Page 119 and 120: than homosexual (Cover op.cit.). Ho
Page 121 and 122: ecause she is lesbian specifically
Page 123 and 124: analyses 150 films and concludes th
Page 125 and 126: The reasons for this under-represen
Page 127 and 128: Reasons behind the illnesses and th
Page 129 and 130: In a major report on the black and
Page 131 and 132: national stereotyping such as funny
Page 133 and 134: indiscriminate killing implies that
Page 135 and 136: people who live abroad like to hang
Page 137 and 138: However, a study in Sweden analysed
Page 139 and 140: the ways these film types have deve
Page 141 and 142: and ethnicity, and in any case, mon
Page 143 and 144: • A study of on-screen representa
Page 145 and 146: occupational groups, people from di
Page 147 and 148: Our society has changed dramaticall
Page 149 and 150: 6.3 The business case - an overview
Page 151 and 152: 2007). The Commission for Racial Eq
Page 153 and 154: eing disabled. The importance of th
Page 155 and 156: in Western style holidays, but UK t
Page 157 and 158: this specific audience and making a
Page 159 and 160: Positive actions on race equality i
Page 161 and 162: For example, women’s presence in
Page 163 and 164: 6.3.7 Legal compliance Companies ha
Page 165 and 166: • Studies on the business case in
Page 167: Access to employment in the sector
Page 171 and 172: have children. Women scientists are
Page 173 and 174: teams encourage creativity. Recruit
Page 175 and 176: minority ethnic women writers or pr
Page 177 and 178: 7.5.7 Decision makers’ attitudes
Page 179 and 180: There is also a need for policy int
Page 181 and 182: has rarely been evaluated for its l
Page 183 and 184: The Leadership on Diversity Forum,
Page 185 and 186: as the key intervention in diversit
Page 187 and 188: housing management. Trainees felt c
Page 189 and 190: voice to otherwise marginalised and
Page 191 and 192: targeted funding for black and mino
Page 193 and 194: Bhavnani R (1994) Black Women in th
Page 195 and 196: Cowan K and Valentine G (2006) “T
Page 197 and 198: European Commission (2005) “The B
Page 199 and 200: 199 Institute for Employment Studie
Page 201 and 202: Murphy R (ed.) (2000) British Cinem
Page 203 and 204: Skillset and Equity (2006) “Analy
Page 205: UN (2000) “Gender and Racial Disc
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Barriers to Diversity in Film – A Research Review – Aug 07

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