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and outputs of industrial processes that occur during the life cycle of a product: the
production, distribution, use, and final disposal of the product. A Dutch company,
PRé Consultants, has developed a variety of methods and software tools that help
organizations with materials flow analysis, environmental impact measurement,
environmental accounting, and life cycle costing, as well as complex system modeling.
PRé Consultants, ‘‘What Is LCA?’’ available at http://www.pre.nl/life_cycle
_assessment/life_cycle_assessment.htm.
17. Mathis Wackernagel leads the Indicators Program at Redefining Progress in San
Francisco, a project to publish ecological footprints country by country. The subtitle
of the project’s report asks, ‘‘How Much Nature Do They Use?—How Much
Nature Do They Have?’’ Wackernagel’s group estimates that by 2020, humans will
consume between 180 and 220 percent of Earth’s biological capacity. Mathis Wackernagel,
Larry Onisto, Alejandro Callejas Linares, Ina Susana López Falfán, Jesus Méndez
García, Ana Isabel Suárez Guerrero, and M. Guadalupe Suárez Guerrero, Ecological
Footprints of Nations: How Much Nature Do They Use? How Much Nature Do They Have?
available on the Earth Council website at http://www.ecouncil.ac.cr/rio/focus/report/
english/footprint/.
18. DALYs rate different disability levels caused by various forms of damage: respiratory
and carcinogenic effects and the effects of climate change, ozone layer depletion,
and ionizing radiation. Ecotoxicity is expressed as the percentage of all species present
in the environment living under toxic stress—the potentially affected fraction
(PAF).
19. If a manufacturer of a product is asked to take extended producer responsibility,
data need to be made available on all stages of the product life cycle, from production
to disposal. ELIMA is a project to design and test information systems and life
cycle models. ‘‘ELIMA Project,’’ available on the website of the School of Engineering
at Sheffield Hallam University at http://www.shu.ac.uk/schools/eng/industry/ELIMA
.html.
20. PRé Consultants, ‘‘What Is LCA?’’
Notes to Pages 13–15 231
21. The first Eternally Yours conference, in 1997, led to the publication of an awardwinning
book called Visions on Product Endurance. The book is now out of print, but
the text is available as a .pdf file in the archives of the Eternally Yours website at
http://www.eternally-yours.org/. The organization published another book, Time in
Design—Product Value Sustenance (Rotterdam: 010 Publishers, 2004), available at
http://www.010publishers.nl/.
22. Arnold Tukker, Erick Haag, and Peter Eder, Eco-Design: European State of the Art,
Part I: Comparative Analysis and Conclusions (report prepared by the European Science
and Technology Observatory [ESTO] for the European Commission’s Joint Research
Centre, Institute for Prospective Technological Studies, Seville, Spain, 2000).