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CHAPTER FOUR Conceptualising and Contextualising Social Technical Systems Theory, Systems Theory and Info 4.1 Introduction mobilisation The purpose of this chapter is to examine Info-mobilisation as a platform for rural community development within the context of systems and social technical systems (STS) theories. While a system may be defined as an entity made up of interacting parts operating in an environment, the social technical systems theory (STS) comprises a method of viewing organisations that emphasises the inter-relatedness of social and technological dimensions. Info-mobilisation, on the other hand, focuses on processes of technological and social change and on the joint optimisation of human and technical processes within communities. Of particular interest to this chapter is the fact that Info-mobilisation (an outgrowth of the general systems theory and socio-technical systems theory) underscores the importance of the "community" in development, especially given that the concept behind "community" is under valued and not given the attention it deserves. This chapter attempts to realise the following study objective: (i) To develop and propose a model for ICT development and application for rural women in Kenya. Following this, the chapter attempts to answer the following research question: (i) How can leT initiatives be developed and applied in rural development, especially amongst women in rural areas? 94
The "how-to" in the implementation programs of ICTs in rural development, particularly amongst rural African women, are an important consideration in this chapter. This is even more so as past trends in ICT development and implementation projects in Africa have revealed a lack of enthusiasm on the part of decision-makers, not to mention the lack of political will necessary to implement and sustain ICT rural development projects. Notably, while the application of ICTs in rural development in many African countries is still in its infancy, questions about the relevance of ICT projects in the wake of pressing issues such as poverty and disease are highly prevalent. It is therefore not surprising to find that ICT projects do not get the priority they deserve amongst policy and decision makers. However, as Harris (2004:3) rightfully points out, "there is still a widespread misunderstanding about how substantial benefits can be derived from ICTs.... as much of the difficulty arises because the development community has yet to get in touch with the IT community in a meaningful dialogue that would help both parties." SUbsequently, the underlying questions of this chapter are: (i) how can project implementers relate ICTs to rural development, particularly in the case of African rural women? (ii) How can project implementers work with ICTs in order to bring about optimal outcomes 7 4.2 The basis of Info - mobilisation Harris (2004) explains that the methodology behind Info-mobilisation is based on the socio-technical systems theory and the general systems theory and its application to the design of information systems in organisational settings. Consequently, as the aforementioned theories are fundamental to understanding info-mobilisation, this chapter begins by analysing their concepts. Harris underpins the fact that within the socio-technical systems theory, separate efforts to optimise the technical system and the social
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THE ROLE OF INFORMATION AND COMMUNI
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Several people hav
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ABSTRACT The purpose of this study
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Table of contents Declaration ii De
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2.3.6.3.1 2.3.6.3.2 2.3.6.3.3 2.3.6
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3.4.6 The interests, activities and
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4.5.3.4 4.5.3.5 The application of
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6.12.3 6.12.4 6.12.4.1 6.12.4.2 6.1
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8.3.2 8.3.3 8.3.4 8.4 8.4.1 8.4.2 8
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10.2.1 10.2.2. 10.2.3 10.2.4 10.2.5
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Table 10 Age of respondents [n=200]
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ACWICT AED AfriAfya ALC ALlN-EA ANI
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NCSW 001 National Commission on the
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CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION AND BACKGR
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distance learning, management infor
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channels of communication. This vie
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development. The author further not
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education for boys, especially in s
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ural women of not only Kenyan and S
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1.4 Motivation of the study This st
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fulfilled within a specified time f
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1.9 Significance of the study The i
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1.9.3 Policy and decision making Al
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selection, four wards were randomly
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2. Kwake, A. Ocholla, D, Adigun, M.
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Chapter Nine: Discussion of the fin
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security, and cost effectiveness. I
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issues pertaining to inheritance do
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The MolC (2006: 3) illustrates furt
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Following the licensing of ISPs by
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and IT); Vivendi Telecom Internatio
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competition with Kenya Ltd's KENSAT
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ecame the first commercial ISP in t
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2.2.6.1.8. Wananchi Online Limited
Page 71 and 72: from North America and Western Euro
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Page 75 and 76: commodities on a daily basis. Accor
Page 77 and 78: of all African countries through re
Page 79 and 80: 2.3.3 Universal Access Policy/Unive
Page 81 and 82: Table 1. Summary of South African n
Page 84 and 85: White Paper on Broadcasting Policy
Page 86 and 87: 2.3.5.2 Cellular Mobile Telephony T
Page 88 and 89: service, transmitted by the Cape Pe
Page 90 and 91: are delivered through analogue terr
Page 92 and 93: 15360 simultaneous transmissions in
Page 94 and 95: women who do not have access to tec
Page 96 and 97: (b) The SABC has three free-to-air
Page 98 and 99: CHAPTER THREE CONCEPTIONS OF INFORM
Page 100 and 101: In his theory on information, Weism
Page 102 and 103: emarks, "If I sell you my horse, I
Page 104 and 105: women in South Africa to acquire so
Page 106 and 107: commonly used ICT amongst rural wom
Page 108 and 109: 3.4.7 Taylor's Model (user-values t
Page 110 and 111: search for information, the study p
Page 113 and 114: (vi) Presentation - the search is c
Page 115 and 116: have or might use systems, one know
Page 117 and 118: interpretation of quantitative and
Page 119 and 120: 3.8 Summary Information needs, info
Page 121: (ii) Due to the dynamic aspects of
Page 125 and 126: interactive problems. This is as op
Page 127 and 128: lack box, which transforms inputs i
Page 129 and 130: that Info-mobilisation involves ada
Page 131 and 132: especially at rural level, can act
Page 133 and 134: 4.5.1.5 Achieving the sustainabilit
Page 135 and 136: Such groups usually require special
Page 137 and 138: 4.5.2.3 Empowering communities with
Page 139 and 140: instance, there were only 10 teleph
Page 141 and 142: 4.5.3.5 Embed community based JeT s
Page 144 and 145: The DFID/FAO/Oor (2002:6) stipulate
Page 146 and 147: who lack technical knowledge. Due t
Page 148 and 149: 5.1 Introduction CHAPTER FIVE GENDE
Page 150 and 151: are properly deployed, they have en
Page 152 and 153: levels of society. As maintained by
Page 154 and 155: Similarly, Odame (2005: 15) points
Page 156 and 157: usiness opportunities. Furthermore,
Page 158 and 159: prioritize actions needed to help w
Page 160 and 161: provided through leadership opportu
Page 162: 5.9 Participatory Design Participat
Page 165 and 166: Similarly, women in developing coun
Page 167 and 168: ules and procedures are constantly
Page 169 and 170: to be asked in an interview, the le
Page 171 and 172: how this has affected their use of
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6.4.1 Findings and lessons learnt f
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of Kwa-zulu Natal (KZN), South Afri
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Map 1. Map of Uthungulu District an
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According to the Uthungulu Distict
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6.6.2.1 The districts of Rift Valle
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6.7 Population Fraenkel and Wallen
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2002:1). In order for the sample si
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gUidelines. According to Gay: (i) t
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already known. Neumann (1997) asser
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possibilities of applying these int
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(Il) National Community Radio Forum
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6.12.6 Data analvsis and presentati
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7.1 Introduction CHAPTER SEVEN DATA
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7.2.2 Age group Data obtained from
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30 (15%) respondents had no schooli
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• The P-Value of housewives is le
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information, such as printed materi
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1V is used by 81 (41%) respondents.
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In KZN (SA), respondents required i
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In Kenya, the need to acquire socia
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7.4 Alternative sources of informat
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• P-Value of schools is greater t
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Table 16 Comments on use and availa
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Table 17. How leTs have enhanced th
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• P-Value of internet-related ser
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• P-Value of un-affordability is
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In terms of education, the study in
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8.1 Introduction CHAPTER EIGHT DATA
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c) What are the key areas of activi
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digital audio and multi-media techn
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8.3.3 Data collection techniques Da
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the daily activities of their organ
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In line with the types of ICTs used
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8.4.5 Specific changes noted amongs
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working in partnership with Technol
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information on diseases in their di
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According to the AfriAfya responden
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• "Continual support, such as tro
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The NCRF respondent noted the need
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training is geared towards economic
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education (i.e. primary, secondary
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average, the use of the mobile phon
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services, such as voice-over intern
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collaboration with other partner or
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expanding telecommunications networ
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as land and employment. Of interest
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A closer look at the success behind
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CHAPTER TEN SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AN
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The South Africa yearbook (2005/06:
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those involving training; (ii) the
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It has also been observed that the
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important activity, particularly in
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development, particularly amongst m
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10.3 Recommendations In order for w
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) Support the implementation of ICT
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f) Promote the participation of fem
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10.5 Conclusions The study has deta
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REFERENCES Academy for Educational
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Ayieko, F. (2001). Worldspace radio
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Cellular Online. (2004). Overview o
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Department of Commerce - United Sta
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EUfORIC (2006). Kenya@onesite Europ
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Heidi, J. (1995). Trends in the rec
Page 310 and 311:
International Telecommunications Un
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Kencell. (2004). About us/Company P
Page 316 and 317:
Maguire, M. and Bevan, N. (2002). U
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Obuya, C. (2003). Horn of Africa Re
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Safaricom (2004). About us/Company
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United Nations Development Program,
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Wanainchi Online Itd. (2002). About
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APPENDIX A INTERVIEW SCHEDULE ON TH
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PERSONAL INFORMATION SECTION ONE Pl
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SECTION TWO INFORMATIONS NEEDS AND
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Q2.3 Q2.4 Could you tell me where y
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Q3,4 Q 3.5 Could you tell me where
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SECTION 4 ENHANCEMENT OF QUALITY OF
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Appendix B (i) INTERVIEW SCHEDULE F
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Appendix B (H) Full List of researc
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APPENDIX C Kenya@OneSiteEurope Name
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Catholic Relief Services (Sudan Off
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Intermediate Technologv Development
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Missionary Sisters ofOur Ladv ofAfr
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Volunteer Services Overseas VSO Ken
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Ministrv ofTrade and Industrv Kenya
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Legacv Books Longman Kenya Society
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l!wajir '1 i!Malindi ,j iGarissa al
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APPENDIX F LIST OF LOCAL LOOP OPERA
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Appendix G NGO FRAMELIST FOR SOUTH
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Beth Uriel Homewww.bethuriel.co.za
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COPE Housing Associationwww.cope.or
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Kenosis Communitywww.kenosiscommuni
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Nelson Mandela Foundationwww.nelson
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South African Centre for Missing an
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Vusabantu AIDS Projectwww.vusabantu
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Appendix H Internet backbone and in
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Appendix I List of South African IS
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Appendix K Draft leT Advert for Ken
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