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15360 simultaneous transmissions in several different forms, including voice, television and data transfer. 3. Additionally, SAFE (South African-Far East) continues the connection another 13800km as far as Malaysia via re-union, Mauritius and India. 4. Regarding neighboring countries, SKA (2003:49) denotes that there are established transmission links between Telkom SA from/to Lesotho, Swaziland, Namibia, Zimbabwe, and Mozambique. Optical fiber cable routes exist between SA (Johannesburg and Namibia (Windhoek) and between SA (Johannesburg and Botswana (Gaberone)). In cases where the neighboring countries are not geographically linked, microwave links or satellite connections are used. 5. According to iWitnesses (2007), the World Bank has approved a US$164.5 million package to connect East and Southern Africa to the global broadband infrastructure. In conformity, the World Bank (2007) narrates that this international connectivity will decrease the cost of doing business, significantly improve private sector investment opportunities in the region, and also improve service delivery in universities, schools, hospitals and the civil service. 2.3.7.3 Wide area networks [WANs e.g. the Internet] The Online Publishers' Association (OPA) and the international ratings company Nielsen/Net ratings, in Government Communications and Information Systems [GCIS] (2006/2007: 135), indicate that South African websites are attracting an increasing number of local and international consumers. By June 2006, readership or unique browser figures had reached 4.6 million, and page impressions had hit 115 million.
Please see the list of licensed ISPs found in South Africa, courtesy of the Internet Service ProVider Association of South Africa [ISP] (2006) in the index. 2.3.8 Equipment (Network Base stations) According to Cellular Statistics (2004) more than 5500 Vodacom base stations proVide coverage to 60 % of the geographical area of the country. 2.3.9 Distribution and management of ICTs amongst South African rural women Women'sNet (2006) reports that Women's Net was launched in March 1998, as a joint initiative between the South African Non-Governmental Organisation Network (SANGONET) and the Commission on Gender Equality (CGE). According to Women'sNet, Sangonet was established as WorkNet in 1987 to proVide regional electronic information and communications networks to NGOs in South Africa. In 1993, Sangonet's scope widened to include development and human rights workers, and the provision of an accessible and affordable electronic communications infrastructure, including the prOVision of information. Following the election of a democratically elected government, the Commission on Gender Equality (CGEl and [Sangonet] initiated Women'sNet in 1998. Womens'Net (2006) exists primarily to serve women's information needs in a user-friendly way, and therefore to: make ICT technology accessible to women; change the flow of information from North-South, to South-South; empower and train women in the use of electronic media; and for for women's economic empowerment; among others. Women'sNet prioritizes 65
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THE ROLE OF INFORMATION AND COMMUNI
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Several people hav
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ABSTRACT The purpose of this study
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Table of contents Declaration ii De
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2.3.6.3.1 2.3.6.3.2 2.3.6.3.3 2.3.6
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3.4.6 The interests, activities and
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4.5.3.4 4.5.3.5 The application of
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6.12.3 6.12.4 6.12.4.1 6.12.4.2 6.1
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8.3.2 8.3.3 8.3.4 8.4 8.4.1 8.4.2 8
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10.2.1 10.2.2. 10.2.3 10.2.4 10.2.5
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Table 10 Age of respondents [n=200]
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ACWICT AED AfriAfya ALC ALlN-EA ANI
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NCSW 001 National Commission on the
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CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION AND BACKGR
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distance learning, management infor
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channels of communication. This vie
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development. The author further not
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education for boys, especially in s
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ural women of not only Kenyan and S
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1.4 Motivation of the study This st
Page 42 and 43: fulfilled within a specified time f
Page 44 and 45: 1.9 Significance of the study The i
Page 46 and 47: 1.9.3 Policy and decision making Al
Page 48 and 49: selection, four wards were randomly
Page 50 and 51: 2. Kwake, A. Ocholla, D, Adigun, M.
Page 52 and 53: Chapter Nine: Discussion of the fin
Page 54 and 55: security, and cost effectiveness. I
Page 56 and 57: issues pertaining to inheritance do
Page 58 and 59: The MolC (2006: 3) illustrates furt
Page 60 and 61: Following the licensing of ISPs by
Page 62 and 63: and IT); Vivendi Telecom Internatio
Page 64 and 65: competition with Kenya Ltd's KENSAT
Page 66: ecame the first commercial ISP in t
Page 69 and 70: 2.2.6.1.8. Wananchi Online Limited
Page 71 and 72: from North America and Western Euro
Page 73 and 74: un by ITDG for poor women in Kenya,
Page 75 and 76: commodities on a daily basis. Accor
Page 77 and 78: of all African countries through re
Page 79 and 80: 2.3.3 Universal Access Policy/Unive
Page 81 and 82: Table 1. Summary of South African n
Page 84 and 85: White Paper on Broadcasting Policy
Page 86 and 87: 2.3.5.2 Cellular Mobile Telephony T
Page 88 and 89: service, transmitted by the Cape Pe
Page 90 and 91: are delivered through analogue terr
Page 94 and 95: women who do not have access to tec
Page 96 and 97: (b) The SABC has three free-to-air
Page 98 and 99: CHAPTER THREE CONCEPTIONS OF INFORM
Page 100 and 101: In his theory on information, Weism
Page 102 and 103: emarks, "If I sell you my horse, I
Page 104 and 105: women in South Africa to acquire so
Page 106 and 107: commonly used ICT amongst rural wom
Page 108 and 109: 3.4.7 Taylor's Model (user-values t
Page 110 and 111: search for information, the study p
Page 113 and 114: (vi) Presentation - the search is c
Page 115 and 116: have or might use systems, one know
Page 117 and 118: interpretation of quantitative and
Page 119 and 120: 3.8 Summary Information needs, info
Page 121 and 122: (ii) Due to the dynamic aspects of
Page 123 and 124: The "how-to" in the implementation
Page 125 and 126: interactive problems. This is as op
Page 127 and 128: lack box, which transforms inputs i
Page 129 and 130: that Info-mobilisation involves ada
Page 131 and 132: especially at rural level, can act
Page 133 and 134: 4.5.1.5 Achieving the sustainabilit
Page 135 and 136: Such groups usually require special
Page 137 and 138: 4.5.2.3 Empowering communities with
Page 139 and 140: instance, there were only 10 teleph
Page 141 and 142: 4.5.3.5 Embed community based JeT s
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The DFID/FAO/Oor (2002:6) stipulate
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who lack technical knowledge. Due t
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5.1 Introduction CHAPTER FIVE GENDE
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are properly deployed, they have en
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levels of society. As maintained by
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Similarly, Odame (2005: 15) points
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usiness opportunities. Furthermore,
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prioritize actions needed to help w
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provided through leadership opportu
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5.9 Participatory Design Participat
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Similarly, women in developing coun
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ules and procedures are constantly
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to be asked in an interview, the le
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how this has affected their use of
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6.4.1 Findings and lessons learnt f
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of Kwa-zulu Natal (KZN), South Afri
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Map 1. Map of Uthungulu District an
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According to the Uthungulu Distict
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6.6.2.1 The districts of Rift Valle
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6.7 Population Fraenkel and Wallen
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2002:1). In order for the sample si
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gUidelines. According to Gay: (i) t
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already known. Neumann (1997) asser
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possibilities of applying these int
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(Il) National Community Radio Forum
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6.12.6 Data analvsis and presentati
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7.1 Introduction CHAPTER SEVEN DATA
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7.2.2 Age group Data obtained from
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30 (15%) respondents had no schooli
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• The P-Value of housewives is le
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information, such as printed materi
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1V is used by 81 (41%) respondents.
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In KZN (SA), respondents required i
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In Kenya, the need to acquire socia
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7.4 Alternative sources of informat
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• P-Value of schools is greater t
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Table 16 Comments on use and availa
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Table 17. How leTs have enhanced th
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• P-Value of internet-related ser
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• P-Value of un-affordability is
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In terms of education, the study in
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8.1 Introduction CHAPTER EIGHT DATA
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c) What are the key areas of activi
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digital audio and multi-media techn
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8.3.3 Data collection techniques Da
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the daily activities of their organ
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In line with the types of ICTs used
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8.4.5 Specific changes noted amongs
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working in partnership with Technol
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information on diseases in their di
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According to the AfriAfya responden
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• "Continual support, such as tro
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The NCRF respondent noted the need
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training is geared towards economic
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education (i.e. primary, secondary
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average, the use of the mobile phon
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services, such as voice-over intern
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collaboration with other partner or
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expanding telecommunications networ
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as land and employment. Of interest
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A closer look at the success behind
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CHAPTER TEN SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AN
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The South Africa yearbook (2005/06:
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those involving training; (ii) the
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It has also been observed that the
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important activity, particularly in
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development, particularly amongst m
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10.3 Recommendations In order for w
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) Support the implementation of ICT
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f) Promote the participation of fem
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10.5 Conclusions The study has deta
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REFERENCES Academy for Educational
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Ayieko, F. (2001). Worldspace radio
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Cellular Online. (2004). Overview o
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Department of Commerce - United Sta
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EUfORIC (2006). Kenya@onesite Europ
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Heidi, J. (1995). Trends in the rec
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International Telecommunications Un
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Kencell. (2004). About us/Company P
Page 316 and 317:
Maguire, M. and Bevan, N. (2002). U
Page 319:
Obuya, C. (2003). Horn of Africa Re
Page 322:
Safaricom (2004). About us/Company
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United Nations Development Program,
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Wanainchi Online Itd. (2002). About
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APPENDIX A INTERVIEW SCHEDULE ON TH
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PERSONAL INFORMATION SECTION ONE Pl
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SECTION TWO INFORMATIONS NEEDS AND
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Q2.3 Q2.4 Could you tell me where y
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Q3,4 Q 3.5 Could you tell me where
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SECTION 4 ENHANCEMENT OF QUALITY OF
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Appendix B (i) INTERVIEW SCHEDULE F
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Appendix B (H) Full List of researc
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APPENDIX C Kenya@OneSiteEurope Name
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Catholic Relief Services (Sudan Off
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Intermediate Technologv Development
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Missionary Sisters ofOur Ladv ofAfr
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Volunteer Services Overseas VSO Ken
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Ministrv ofTrade and Industrv Kenya
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Legacv Books Longman Kenya Society
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l!wajir '1 i!Malindi ,j iGarissa al
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APPENDIX F LIST OF LOCAL LOOP OPERA
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Appendix G NGO FRAMELIST FOR SOUTH
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Beth Uriel Homewww.bethuriel.co.za
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COPE Housing Associationwww.cope.or
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Kenosis Communitywww.kenosiscommuni
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Nelson Mandela Foundationwww.nelson
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South African Centre for Missing an
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Vusabantu AIDS Projectwww.vusabantu
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Appendix H Internet backbone and in
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Appendix I List of South African IS
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Appendix K Draft leT Advert for Ken
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