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Similarly, Odame (2005: 15) points out that on average, women have less income, education, time, and mobility, and face religious or cultural constraints that restrict their access to, and use of, technology. Odame further argues that some groups of women (i.e. rural women) are more disadvantaged than younger, more literate or wealthier urban women. 5.5.1 Mobiles and poverty reduction The Panos Institute (2004: 1-4) report states that mobile phones have greatly simplified the provision of services. The report declares that telecommunications contribute to development by facilitating social change and economic actiVity and improving quality of life. However, the Panos (2004;8) Institute cautions that although the initial installation is cheaper, mobile phones are expensive for users, as the cost of equipment and calls are generally higher than with land-line systems. Correspondingly, there are several meritorious ICT interventions being used today that could serve as learning platforms for African countries. A good example is the Bangladesh mobile help line for women, better known as Pallitathya. According to The Association for Progressive Communications (APC, 2005), this enterprising group of rural women deploys women in the community as "mobile operator ladies". These women move from door to door to enable women, mostly housewives, to ask questions related to livelihood, agriculture, health and legal rights via the mobile phone. The "help-desk" operator comprises not only an information database, but resource persons from government, NGOs, health groups and human rights organizations. Notably, the activities of this group have been highly acclaimed by Gender and Information Communication Technology (GICT): they won 1st prize, beating 39 other entries, in a recent 2005 ICT contest. Another idea of introducing telecommunication services into a rural community whilst offering them income generating viability is the example 126
of Grameen Telecom. Grameen Telecom (2005) is an NGO set up by Professor Muhammed Yunus, who had a vision of providing telecommunication services to 100 million rural inhabitants in the 68,000 Villages in Bangladesh. The concept of this organization combines bank experience, in this case, Grameen Bank, with village based micro enterprises, the latest digital Wireless technology, Public Call Offices (PCOs) and privately operated phone centres. Grameen Bank provides a lease financing program to a village phone operator, who subsequently becomes the owner of the phone. This Village phone operator can then provide outgoing and incoming services to people in adjoining areas whilst collecting daily call charges. Grameen Bank prOVides organizational and infrastructural support to Grameen Telecom, and also collects phone bills and other dues. This idea has proven successful, as the project benefits all parties concerned whilst catering for the needs of the communities. There are several initiatives in Kenya that are proViding links between lCTs and sustainable livelihoods in activities such as agriculture, pastoralism, entrepreneurship and the provision of employment vacancy information. According to Wainaina (2005:25-28), the use of mobile phone text messaging to proVide market prices to farmers, employment vacancy alerts to the unemployed, and local news to disadvantaged communities and slum dwellers, is an invaluable approach to poverty reduction. For example, SokoniSMS empowers farmers by providing SMS market prices, a service launched by the Kenya Agricultural Commodity Exchange (KACE) in 1997. Similar initiatives, which tackle challenges of sustainable development and view the information society as a catalyst for viable solutions, include Simu ya Jamii (family phones) Community Phone services. This initiative involves small scale businesses running mobile telephone kiosks. With the help of Safaricom limited, and other local micro-finance organizations, credit facilities have been arranged for small-scale entrepreneurs. This has resulted in improved access to telecommunications, employment and other 127
Page 1:
THE ROLE OF INFORMATION AND COMMUNI
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Several people hav
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ABSTRACT The purpose of this study
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Table of contents Declaration ii De
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2.3.6.3.1 2.3.6.3.2 2.3.6.3.3 2.3.6
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3.4.6 The interests, activities and
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4.5.3.4 4.5.3.5 The application of
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6.12.3 6.12.4 6.12.4.1 6.12.4.2 6.1
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8.3.2 8.3.3 8.3.4 8.4 8.4.1 8.4.2 8
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10.2.1 10.2.2. 10.2.3 10.2.4 10.2.5
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Table 10 Age of respondents [n=200]
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ACWICT AED AfriAfya ALC ALlN-EA ANI
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NCSW 001 National Commission on the
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CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION AND BACKGR
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distance learning, management infor
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channels of communication. This vie
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development. The author further not
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education for boys, especially in s
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ural women of not only Kenyan and S
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1.4 Motivation of the study This st
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fulfilled within a specified time f
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1.9 Significance of the study The i
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1.9.3 Policy and decision making Al
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selection, four wards were randomly
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2. Kwake, A. Ocholla, D, Adigun, M.
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Chapter Nine: Discussion of the fin
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security, and cost effectiveness. I
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issues pertaining to inheritance do
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The MolC (2006: 3) illustrates furt
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Following the licensing of ISPs by
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and IT); Vivendi Telecom Internatio
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competition with Kenya Ltd's KENSAT
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ecame the first commercial ISP in t
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2.2.6.1.8. Wananchi Online Limited
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from North America and Western Euro
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un by ITDG for poor women in Kenya,
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commodities on a daily basis. Accor
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of all African countries through re
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2.3.3 Universal Access Policy/Unive
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Table 1. Summary of South African n
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White Paper on Broadcasting Policy
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2.3.5.2 Cellular Mobile Telephony T
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service, transmitted by the Cape Pe
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are delivered through analogue terr
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15360 simultaneous transmissions in
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women who do not have access to tec
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(b) The SABC has three free-to-air
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CHAPTER THREE CONCEPTIONS OF INFORM
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In his theory on information, Weism
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emarks, "If I sell you my horse, I
Page 104 and 105: women in South Africa to acquire so
Page 106 and 107: commonly used ICT amongst rural wom
Page 108 and 109: 3.4.7 Taylor's Model (user-values t
Page 110 and 111: search for information, the study p
Page 113 and 114: (vi) Presentation - the search is c
Page 115 and 116: have or might use systems, one know
Page 117 and 118: interpretation of quantitative and
Page 119 and 120: 3.8 Summary Information needs, info
Page 121 and 122: (ii) Due to the dynamic aspects of
Page 123 and 124: The "how-to" in the implementation
Page 125 and 126: interactive problems. This is as op
Page 127 and 128: lack box, which transforms inputs i
Page 129 and 130: that Info-mobilisation involves ada
Page 131 and 132: especially at rural level, can act
Page 133 and 134: 4.5.1.5 Achieving the sustainabilit
Page 135 and 136: Such groups usually require special
Page 137 and 138: 4.5.2.3 Empowering communities with
Page 139 and 140: instance, there were only 10 teleph
Page 141 and 142: 4.5.3.5 Embed community based JeT s
Page 144 and 145: The DFID/FAO/Oor (2002:6) stipulate
Page 146 and 147: who lack technical knowledge. Due t
Page 148 and 149: 5.1 Introduction CHAPTER FIVE GENDE
Page 150 and 151: are properly deployed, they have en
Page 152 and 153: levels of society. As maintained by
Page 156 and 157: usiness opportunities. Furthermore,
Page 158 and 159: prioritize actions needed to help w
Page 160 and 161: provided through leadership opportu
Page 162: 5.9 Participatory Design Participat
Page 165 and 166: Similarly, women in developing coun
Page 167 and 168: ules and procedures are constantly
Page 169 and 170: to be asked in an interview, the le
Page 171 and 172: how this has affected their use of
Page 174 and 175: 6.4.1 Findings and lessons learnt f
Page 176 and 177: of Kwa-zulu Natal (KZN), South Afri
Page 178 and 179: Map 1. Map of Uthungulu District an
Page 181 and 182: According to the Uthungulu Distict
Page 183 and 184: 6.6.2.1 The districts of Rift Valle
Page 185 and 186: 6.7 Population Fraenkel and Wallen
Page 187 and 188: 2002:1). In order for the sample si
Page 189 and 190: gUidelines. According to Gay: (i) t
Page 191 and 192: already known. Neumann (1997) asser
Page 193 and 194: possibilities of applying these int
Page 195 and 196: (Il) National Community Radio Forum
Page 197 and 198: 6.12.6 Data analvsis and presentati
Page 199 and 200: 7.1 Introduction CHAPTER SEVEN DATA
Page 201 and 202: 7.2.2 Age group Data obtained from
Page 203 and 204: 30 (15%) respondents had no schooli
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• The P-Value of housewives is le
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information, such as printed materi
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1V is used by 81 (41%) respondents.
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In KZN (SA), respondents required i
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In Kenya, the need to acquire socia
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7.4 Alternative sources of informat
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• P-Value of schools is greater t
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Table 16 Comments on use and availa
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Table 17. How leTs have enhanced th
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• P-Value of internet-related ser
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• P-Value of un-affordability is
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In terms of education, the study in
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8.1 Introduction CHAPTER EIGHT DATA
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c) What are the key areas of activi
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digital audio and multi-media techn
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8.3.3 Data collection techniques Da
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the daily activities of their organ
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In line with the types of ICTs used
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8.4.5 Specific changes noted amongs
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working in partnership with Technol
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information on diseases in their di
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According to the AfriAfya responden
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• "Continual support, such as tro
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The NCRF respondent noted the need
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training is geared towards economic
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education (i.e. primary, secondary
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average, the use of the mobile phon
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services, such as voice-over intern
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collaboration with other partner or
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expanding telecommunications networ
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as land and employment. Of interest
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A closer look at the success behind
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CHAPTER TEN SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AN
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The South Africa yearbook (2005/06:
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those involving training; (ii) the
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It has also been observed that the
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important activity, particularly in
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development, particularly amongst m
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10.3 Recommendations In order for w
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) Support the implementation of ICT
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f) Promote the participation of fem
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10.5 Conclusions The study has deta
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REFERENCES Academy for Educational
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Ayieko, F. (2001). Worldspace radio
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Cellular Online. (2004). Overview o
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Department of Commerce - United Sta
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EUfORIC (2006). Kenya@onesite Europ
Page 308 and 309:
Heidi, J. (1995). Trends in the rec
Page 310 and 311:
International Telecommunications Un
Page 312:
Kencell. (2004). About us/Company P
Page 316 and 317:
Maguire, M. and Bevan, N. (2002). U
Page 319:
Obuya, C. (2003). Horn of Africa Re
Page 322:
Safaricom (2004). About us/Company
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United Nations Development Program,
Page 328:
Wanainchi Online Itd. (2002). About
Page 331 and 332:
APPENDIX A INTERVIEW SCHEDULE ON TH
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PERSONAL INFORMATION SECTION ONE Pl
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SECTION TWO INFORMATIONS NEEDS AND
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Q2.3 Q2.4 Could you tell me where y
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Q3,4 Q 3.5 Could you tell me where
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SECTION 4 ENHANCEMENT OF QUALITY OF
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Appendix B (i) INTERVIEW SCHEDULE F
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Appendix B (H) Full List of researc
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APPENDIX C Kenya@OneSiteEurope Name
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Catholic Relief Services (Sudan Off
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Intermediate Technologv Development
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Missionary Sisters ofOur Ladv ofAfr
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Volunteer Services Overseas VSO Ken
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Ministrv ofTrade and Industrv Kenya
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Legacv Books Longman Kenya Society
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l!wajir '1 i!Malindi ,j iGarissa al
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APPENDIX F LIST OF LOCAL LOOP OPERA
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Appendix G NGO FRAMELIST FOR SOUTH
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Beth Uriel Homewww.bethuriel.co.za
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COPE Housing Associationwww.cope.or
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Kenosis Communitywww.kenosiscommuni
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Nelson Mandela Foundationwww.nelson
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South African Centre for Missing an
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Vusabantu AIDS Projectwww.vusabantu
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Appendix H Internet backbone and in
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Appendix I List of South African IS
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Appendix K Draft leT Advert for Ken
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