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(i) Research Question: What impact have ICTs had on rural women in South Africa and Kenya? (a) Interview Question: What specific changes have you seen amongst rural women and the community at large since the introduction of ICTs? (il) Research Question: How can Kenya and South Africa share and contribute to the socio-political and economic experiences gained thus far? (a) Interview Question: In what ways has your organization contributed to the social-economic development gained thus far? (iil) Research Question: Which lCT resources do organisations that work with rural women use, and how do they implement them? (a) Interview Question: Which lCT resources does your organization use and how do you implement them amongst rural women? (b) How can NGO's that work with lCTs help rural women help themselves? 2. To analyse and determine the leT training needs of rural women in Kenya and South Africa. This objective is addressed under the following research questions: (i) Research Question: How can the lCT training needs of rural women be addressed? ii) Interview Question: How can the training needs of women be addressed, particularly in rural areas? a) How can lCT initiatives be developed and applied, especially amongst women in rural areas? b) Which factors are critical for the success of an organization that works with rural women and leTs?
c) What are the key areas of activity that should receive constant and careful attention in projects that work with rural women and ICTs? An interview schedule [see Appendix B (i)] sought information from organisations relating to: their backgrounds; ICT impacts; notable changes amongst rural women; socio-political and economic gains; how ICTs are accessed and used; how ICTs enhance lifestyles; training needs; how ICTs can be implemented amongst rural women; and critical success factors of organisations that work with ICTs and rural women. 8.2 8.2.1 (Kenya) Background of study areas AfriAfya Project, Aga Khan Field Centre - Mtaa Dispensary Mtaa Dispensary is a rural government dispensary situated in the Kinango Division of Kwale District. The road infrastructure leading to this dispensary is poor, with basic facilities such as running water, electricity and telephone lines in short supply. Mothers, and by extension women, have a strong cultural bearing and have to consult the husband or children's father whenever a hospital visitation is required. Amidst the poverty, disease and ignorance afflicting rural and urban communities, there is hope. AfriAfya, a Kenyan NGO, has equipped women in rural areas with information that allows them to manage their everyday problems. AfriAfya's application of modern technology to disseminate/communicate health information has become a success story worth emulating. Computers, a printer and a World Space receiver have been installed in order to disseminate information on health, and power is made available via solar panels. Upon downloading the information, content 205
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THE ROLE OF INFORMATION AND COMMUNI
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Several people hav
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ABSTRACT The purpose of this study
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Table of contents Declaration ii De
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2.3.6.3.1 2.3.6.3.2 2.3.6.3.3 2.3.6
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3.4.6 The interests, activities and
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4.5.3.4 4.5.3.5 The application of
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6.12.3 6.12.4 6.12.4.1 6.12.4.2 6.1
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8.3.2 8.3.3 8.3.4 8.4 8.4.1 8.4.2 8
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10.2.1 10.2.2. 10.2.3 10.2.4 10.2.5
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Table 10 Age of respondents [n=200]
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ACWICT AED AfriAfya ALC ALlN-EA ANI
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NCSW 001 National Commission on the
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CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION AND BACKGR
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distance learning, management infor
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channels of communication. This vie
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development. The author further not
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education for boys, especially in s
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ural women of not only Kenyan and S
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1.4 Motivation of the study This st
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fulfilled within a specified time f
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1.9 Significance of the study The i
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1.9.3 Policy and decision making Al
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selection, four wards were randomly
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2. Kwake, A. Ocholla, D, Adigun, M.
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Chapter Nine: Discussion of the fin
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security, and cost effectiveness. I
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issues pertaining to inheritance do
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The MolC (2006: 3) illustrates furt
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Following the licensing of ISPs by
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and IT); Vivendi Telecom Internatio
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competition with Kenya Ltd's KENSAT
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ecame the first commercial ISP in t
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2.2.6.1.8. Wananchi Online Limited
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from North America and Western Euro
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un by ITDG for poor women in Kenya,
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commodities on a daily basis. Accor
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of all African countries through re
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2.3.3 Universal Access Policy/Unive
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Table 1. Summary of South African n
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White Paper on Broadcasting Policy
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2.3.5.2 Cellular Mobile Telephony T
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service, transmitted by the Cape Pe
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are delivered through analogue terr
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15360 simultaneous transmissions in
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women who do not have access to tec
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(b) The SABC has three free-to-air
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CHAPTER THREE CONCEPTIONS OF INFORM
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In his theory on information, Weism
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emarks, "If I sell you my horse, I
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women in South Africa to acquire so
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commonly used ICT amongst rural wom
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3.4.7 Taylor's Model (user-values t
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search for information, the study p
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(vi) Presentation - the search is c
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have or might use systems, one know
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interpretation of quantitative and
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3.8 Summary Information needs, info
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(ii) Due to the dynamic aspects of
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The "how-to" in the implementation
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interactive problems. This is as op
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lack box, which transforms inputs i
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that Info-mobilisation involves ada
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especially at rural level, can act
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4.5.1.5 Achieving the sustainabilit
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Such groups usually require special
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4.5.2.3 Empowering communities with
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instance, there were only 10 teleph
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4.5.3.5 Embed community based JeT s
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The DFID/FAO/Oor (2002:6) stipulate
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who lack technical knowledge. Due t
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5.1 Introduction CHAPTER FIVE GENDE
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are properly deployed, they have en
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levels of society. As maintained by
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Similarly, Odame (2005: 15) points
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usiness opportunities. Furthermore,
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prioritize actions needed to help w
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provided through leadership opportu
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5.9 Participatory Design Participat
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Similarly, women in developing coun
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ules and procedures are constantly
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to be asked in an interview, the le
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how this has affected their use of
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6.4.1 Findings and lessons learnt f
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of Kwa-zulu Natal (KZN), South Afri
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Map 1. Map of Uthungulu District an
Page 181 and 182: According to the Uthungulu Distict
Page 183 and 184: 6.6.2.1 The districts of Rift Valle
Page 185 and 186: 6.7 Population Fraenkel and Wallen
Page 187 and 188: 2002:1). In order for the sample si
Page 189 and 190: gUidelines. According to Gay: (i) t
Page 191 and 192: already known. Neumann (1997) asser
Page 193 and 194: possibilities of applying these int
Page 195 and 196: (Il) National Community Radio Forum
Page 197 and 198: 6.12.6 Data analvsis and presentati
Page 199 and 200: 7.1 Introduction CHAPTER SEVEN DATA
Page 201 and 202: 7.2.2 Age group Data obtained from
Page 203 and 204: 30 (15%) respondents had no schooli
Page 205 and 206: • The P-Value of housewives is le
Page 207 and 208: information, such as printed materi
Page 209 and 210: 1V is used by 81 (41%) respondents.
Page 211 and 212: In KZN (SA), respondents required i
Page 213 and 214: In Kenya, the need to acquire socia
Page 215: 7.4 Alternative sources of informat
Page 218 and 219: • P-Value of schools is greater t
Page 220 and 221: Table 16 Comments on use and availa
Page 222 and 223: Table 17. How leTs have enhanced th
Page 224 and 225: • P-Value of internet-related ser
Page 226 and 227: • P-Value of un-affordability is
Page 229 and 230: In terms of education, the study in
Page 231: 8.1 Introduction CHAPTER EIGHT DATA
Page 235 and 236: digital audio and multi-media techn
Page 237 and 238: 8.3.3 Data collection techniques Da
Page 239 and 240: the daily activities of their organ
Page 241 and 242: In line with the types of ICTs used
Page 243 and 244: 8.4.5 Specific changes noted amongs
Page 245 and 246: working in partnership with Technol
Page 247 and 248: information on diseases in their di
Page 249 and 250: According to the AfriAfya responden
Page 251 and 252: • "Continual support, such as tro
Page 253 and 254: The NCRF respondent noted the need
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Page 257 and 258: education (i.e. primary, secondary
Page 259 and 260: average, the use of the mobile phon
Page 262 and 263: services, such as voice-over intern
Page 264 and 265: collaboration with other partner or
Page 266 and 267: expanding telecommunications networ
Page 268 and 269: as land and employment. Of interest
Page 271 and 272: A closer look at the success behind
Page 273 and 274: CHAPTER TEN SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AN
Page 275 and 276: The South Africa yearbook (2005/06:
Page 277 and 278: those involving training; (ii) the
Page 279: It has also been observed that the
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important activity, particularly in
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development, particularly amongst m
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10.3 Recommendations In order for w
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) Support the implementation of ICT
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f) Promote the participation of fem
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10.5 Conclusions The study has deta
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REFERENCES Academy for Educational
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Ayieko, F. (2001). Worldspace radio
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Cellular Online. (2004). Overview o
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Department of Commerce - United Sta
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EUfORIC (2006). Kenya@onesite Europ
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Heidi, J. (1995). Trends in the rec
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International Telecommunications Un
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Kencell. (2004). About us/Company P
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Maguire, M. and Bevan, N. (2002). U
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Obuya, C. (2003). Horn of Africa Re
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Safaricom (2004). About us/Company
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United Nations Development Program,
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Wanainchi Online Itd. (2002). About
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APPENDIX A INTERVIEW SCHEDULE ON TH
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PERSONAL INFORMATION SECTION ONE Pl
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SECTION TWO INFORMATIONS NEEDS AND
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Q2.3 Q2.4 Could you tell me where y
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Q3,4 Q 3.5 Could you tell me where
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SECTION 4 ENHANCEMENT OF QUALITY OF
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Appendix B (i) INTERVIEW SCHEDULE F
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Appendix B (H) Full List of researc
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APPENDIX C Kenya@OneSiteEurope Name
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Catholic Relief Services (Sudan Off
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Intermediate Technologv Development
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Missionary Sisters ofOur Ladv ofAfr
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Volunteer Services Overseas VSO Ken
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Ministrv ofTrade and Industrv Kenya
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Legacv Books Longman Kenya Society
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l!wajir '1 i!Malindi ,j iGarissa al
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APPENDIX F LIST OF LOCAL LOOP OPERA
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Appendix G NGO FRAMELIST FOR SOUTH
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Beth Uriel Homewww.bethuriel.co.za
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COPE Housing Associationwww.cope.or
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Kenosis Communitywww.kenosiscommuni
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Nelson Mandela Foundationwww.nelson
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South African Centre for Missing an
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Vusabantu AIDS Projectwww.vusabantu
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Appendix H Internet backbone and in
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Appendix I List of South African IS
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Appendix K Draft leT Advert for Ken
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