Annual Energy Outlook 2006 with Projections to 2030 - Usinfo.org

Notes and Sources[23]R. Jimenez-Rodriguez and M. Sanchez. “Oil PriceShocks and Real GDP Growth: Empirical Evidence forSome OECD Countries,” Applied Economics, Vol. 37, No.2 (February 2005), pp. 201-228.[24]H.G. Huntington, “Energy Disruptions, InterfirmPrice Effects and the Aggregate Economy,” Energy Economics,Vol. 25, No. 2 (March 2003), pp. 119-136.[25]Quality and prices vary among imported light, sweetcrudes. For example, Nigerian Bonny Light usually isworth 15 cents a barrel more than WTI, and NorwegianOseberg is discounted by about 55 cents a barrel. SeeNYMEX Light Sweet Crude Oil Futures Contract Specifications,web site www.nymex.com/CL_spec.aspx.[26]Energy Information Administration, Form EIA-856,“Monthly Foreign Crude Oil Acquisition Report” (1985-2005).[27]Energy Information Administration, Form EIA-856,“Monthly Foreign Crude Oil Acquisition Report” (1985-2005).[28]See Purvin & Gertz, Inc., “Global Petroleum MarketOutlook—An Online Global Service,” Petroleum Balances(2004), web site www.purvingertz.com/studies.html.[29]U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, “Tier 2/Gasoline Sulfur Final Rule” (Washington, DC, February2000), web site www.epa.gov/tier2/finalrule.htm; “Controlof Air Pollution From New Motor Vehicles: Heavy-Duty Engine and Vehicle Standards and Highway DieselFuel Sulfur Control Requirements Final Rule” (Washington,DC, January 2001), web site www.epa.gov/fedrgstr/EPA-AIR/2001/January/Day-18/a01a.htm; and “Controlof Emissions of Air Pollution From Nonroad DieselEngines and Fuel Final Rule” (Washington, DC, June2004), web site www.epa.gov/fedrgstr/EPA-AIR/2004/June/Day-29/a11293a.htm.[30]Navigant Consulting, Inc., Energy Savings Potential ofSolid State Lighting in General Illumination Applications(Washington DC, November 2003), prepared forBuilding Technologies Program, Office of Energy Efficiencyand Renewable Energy, U.S. Department ofEnergy, web site www.netl.doe.gov/ssl/PDFs/SSL%20Energy%20Savi_ntial%20Final.pdf. General researchgoals are provided in Optoelectronics Industry DevelopmentAssociation, 2002 Update: The Promise of SolidState Lighting for General Illumination (Washington,DC, 2002), web site http://lighting.sandia.gov/lightingdocs/OIDA_SSL_Roadmap_Summary_2002.pdf.[31]The home would be both an energy consumer and, atcertain times, a net energy provider. Over the course of ayear, its net energy purchases would be zero or near zero.U.S. Department of Energy, Building America Researchis Leading the Way to Zero Energy Homes (Washington,DC, May 2005), web site www.nrel.gov/docs/fy05osti/37547.pdf.[32]Non-grid-connected housing units that derive most orall of their energy from renewable sources exist, but mostare in remote areas and not designed for year-round living.[33]Partnership for Advancing Housing Technology(PATH), web site www.pathnet.org.[34]These are the six high-priority areas for emerging technologiesidentified in American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy, Emerging Energy-Saving Technologiesand Practices for the Buildings Sector as of 2004,Report Number A042 (Washington, DC, October 2004),web site http://aceee.org/pubs/a042full.pdf.[35]G.A. Smook, Handbook for Pulp & Paper Technologists,2nd Edition (Vancouver, BC: Angus Wilde Publications,1992), p. 140.[36]Forest Products Industry Technology Alliance, Agenda2020: 2003 Progress Report (Washington, DC, 2003),p. 5, web site www.agenda2020.org/PDF/2003_Progress_Report.pdf.[37]National Academy of Sciences, National ResearchCouncil, Energy Research at DOE: Was It Worth It? EnergyEfficiency and Fossil Energy Research 1978 to 2000(Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 2001), website www.nap.edu/catalog/10165.html.[38]A nanometer is one-billionth of a meter.[39]National Nanotechnology Initiative, web site www.nano.gov.[40]J. McConnico, “Breakthrough at WFU NanotechnologyCenter Aids Quest for Viable Alternative EnergySources” (Wake Forest University News Service, November7, 2005), web site www.wfu.edu/wfunews/2005/110705n.html.[41]Y. Chen, J. Au, P. Kazlas, A. Ritenour, H. Gates, and M.McCreary, “Electronic Paper: Flexible Active-MatrixElectronic Ink Display,” Nature, Vol. 423 (May 8, 2003),p. 136.[42]M. Brown, “Nano-Bio-Info Pathways to ExtremeEnergy Efficiency,” Presentation to the American Associationfor the Advancement of Science Annual Meeting(Washington, DC, February 21, 2005), web site www.ornl.gov/sci/eere/aaas/ExtremeEfficiency8.pdf.[43]The estimates of “in-place” resources do not take intoconsideration whether the resources are either technicallyor economically recoverable.[44]M. Kray, “Testimony on Behalf of NuStart Energy Development,LLC, United States Senate, Committee onEnvironment & Public Works, Subcommittee on CleanAir, Climate Change and Nuclear Safety” (May 20, 2004),web site www.nei.org/documents/Testimony_Kray_05-20-04.pdf; and E.W. Merrow, K.E. Phillips, and C.W.Myers, Understanding Cost Growth and PerformanceShortfalls in Pioneer Process Plants, R-2569-DOE (SantaMonica, CA: The Rand Corporation, September 1981),web site www.rand.org/pubs/reports/R2569.[45]For more details, see Energy Information Administration,“New Reactor Designs,” web site www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/nuclear/page/analysis/nucenviss2.html.[46]See, for example, A. Dixit and R. Pyndick, InvestmentUnder Uncertainty (New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, 2001).[47]R.M. Heavenrich, Light-Duty Automotive Technologyand Fuel Economy Trends: 1975 Through 2005,EPA420-R-05-001, Appendix E, “Data Stratified by VehicleType” (Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental ProtectionAgency, July 2005), web site www.epa.gov/otaq/cert/mpg/fetrends/420r05001e.pdf.Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Outlook 2006 121