Notes and SourcesTable Notes and SourcesNote: Tables indicated as sources in these notes refer<strong>to</strong> the tables in Appendixes A, B, C, and D of thisreport.Table 1. Total energy supply and disposition in theAEO<strong>2006</strong> reference case: summary, 2003-<strong>2030</strong>:AEO<strong>2006</strong> National <strong>Energy</strong> Modeling System, run AEO-<strong>2006</strong>.D111905A. Notes: Quantities are derived from his<strong>to</strong>ricalvolumes and assumed thermal conversion fac<strong>to</strong>rs.Other production includes liquid hydrogen, methanol, supplementalnatural gas, and some inputs <strong>to</strong> refineries. Netimports of petroleum include crude oil, petroleum products,unfinished oils, alcohols, ethers, and blending components.Other net imports include coal coke and electricity. Somerefinery inputs appear as petroleum product consumption.Other consumption includes net electricity imports, liquidhydrogen, and methanol.Table 2. CARB emissions standards for light-duty vehicles,model years 2009-2016: California Air ResourcesBoard, California Exhaust Emission Standards and TestProcedures for 2001 and Subsequent Model Passenger Cars,Light-Duty Trucks, and Medium-Duty Vehicles (Sacramen<strong>to</strong>,CA, August 4, 2005).Table 3. Proposed light truck CAFE standards bymodel year and footprint category: National HighwayTraffic Safety Administration, “Average Fuel EconomyStandards for Light Trucks Model Years 2008-2011,” 49CFR Parts 523, 533 and 537, Docket No. 2005-22223, RIN2127-AJ61 (Washing<strong>to</strong>n, DC, August, 2005).Table 4. Key projections for light truck fuel economyin the alternative CAFE standards case, 2011-<strong>2030</strong>:AEO<strong>2006</strong> National <strong>Energy</strong> Modeling System, runsAEO<strong>2006</strong>.D111905A and ALTCAFE.D121505A.Table 5. Basic features of State renewable energy requirementsand goals enacted since 2003: <strong>Energy</strong> InformationAdministration, Office of Integrated Analysisand Forecasting.Table 6. Major changes in existing State renewableenergy requirements and goals since 2003: <strong>Energy</strong> InformationAdministration, Office of Integrated Analysisand Forecasting.Table 7. New U.S. renewable energy capacity, 2004-2005: <strong>Energy</strong> Information Administration, Office of IntegratedAnalysis and Forecasting.Table 8. Estimates of national trends in annual emissionsof sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides, 2003-2020: EPA Data: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,Regula<strong>to</strong>ry Impact Analysis for the Final Clean Air InterstateRule, EPA-452/R-05-002 (Washing<strong>to</strong>n, DC, March2005), Table 7-2, p. 196. <strong>Projections</strong>: AEO<strong>2006</strong> National<strong>Energy</strong> Modeling System, run AEO<strong>2006</strong>.D111905A.Table 9. Macroeconomic model estimates of economicimpacts from oil price increases: H.G. Hunting<strong>to</strong>n,The Economic Consequences of Higher Crude OilPrices, EMF SR 9 (Stanford, CA, Oc<strong>to</strong>ber 2005), web sitewww.stanford.edu/group/EMF/publications/doc/EMFSR9.pdf.Table 10. Time-series estimates of economic impactsfrom oil price increases: R. Jimenez-Rodriguez and M.Sanchez. “Oil Price Shocks and Real GDP Growth: EmpiricalEvidence for Some OECD Countries,” Applied Economics,Vol. 37, No. 2 (February 2005), pp. 201-228.Table 11. Summary of U.S. oil price-GDP elasticities:H.G. Hunting<strong>to</strong>n, The Economic Consequences of HigherCrude Oil Prices, EMF SR 9 (Stanford, CA, Oc<strong>to</strong>ber 2005),web site www.stanford.edu/group/EMF/publications/doc/EMFSR9.pdf.Table 12. Economic indica<strong>to</strong>rs in the reference, highprice, and low price cases, 2005-<strong>2030</strong>: AEO<strong>2006</strong> National<strong>Energy</strong> Modeling System, runs AEO<strong>2006</strong>.D111905A,LP<strong>2006</strong>.D120105A, and HP<strong>2006</strong>.D113005A.Table 13. Technologies expected <strong>to</strong> have significantimpacts on new light-duty vehicles: <strong>Energy</strong> InformationAdministration, Office of Integrated Analysis andForecasting.Table 14. Nonconventional liquid fuels productionin the AEO<strong>2006</strong> reference and high price cases, <strong>2030</strong>:AEO<strong>2006</strong> National <strong>Energy</strong> Modeling System, runs AEO-<strong>2006</strong>.D111905A and HP<strong>2006</strong>.D113005A.Table 15. Projected changes in U.S. greenhouse gasemissions, gross domestic product, and greenhousegas intensity, 2002-2020: AEO<strong>2006</strong> National <strong>Energy</strong>Modeling System, run AEO<strong>2006</strong>.D111905A.Table 16. Costs of producing electricity from newplants, 2015 and <strong>2030</strong>: AEO<strong>2006</strong> National <strong>Energy</strong>Modeling System, run AEO<strong>2006</strong>.D111905A.Table 17. Technically recoverable U.S. natural gasresources as of January 1, 2004: <strong>Energy</strong> InformationAdministration, Office of Integrated Analysis and Forecasting.Table 18. Technically recoverable U.S. crude oil resourcesas of January 1, 2004: <strong>Energy</strong> Information Administration,Office of Integrated Analysis and Forecasting.Figure Notes and SourcesNote: Tables indicated as sources in these notes refer<strong>to</strong> the tables in Appendixes A, B, C, and D of thisreport.Figure 1. <strong>Energy</strong> prices, 1980-<strong>2030</strong>: His<strong>to</strong>ry: <strong>Energy</strong>Information Administration, <strong>Annual</strong> <strong>Energy</strong> Review 2004,DOE/EIA-0384(2004) (Washing<strong>to</strong>n, DC, August 2005).<strong>Projections</strong>: Table A1.Figure 2. Delivered energy consumption by sec<strong>to</strong>r,1980-<strong>2030</strong>: His<strong>to</strong>ry: <strong>Energy</strong> Information Administration,<strong>Annual</strong> <strong>Energy</strong> Review 2004, DOE/EIA-0384(2004) (Washing<strong>to</strong>n,DC, August 2005). <strong>Projections</strong>: Table A2.Figure 3. <strong>Energy</strong> consumption by fuel, 1980-<strong>2030</strong>:His<strong>to</strong>ry: <strong>Energy</strong> Information Administration, <strong>Annual</strong> <strong>Energy</strong>Review 2004, DOE/EIA-0384(2004) (Washing<strong>to</strong>n, DC,August 2005). <strong>Projections</strong>: Tables A1 and A18.124 <strong>Energy</strong> Information Administration / <strong>Annual</strong> <strong>Energy</strong> <strong>Outlook</strong> <strong>2006</strong>
Notes and SourcesFigure 4. <strong>Energy</strong> use per capita and per dollar ofgross domestic product, 1980-<strong>2030</strong>: His<strong>to</strong>ry: <strong>Energy</strong>Information Administration, <strong>Annual</strong> <strong>Energy</strong> Review 2004,DOE/EIA-0384(2004) (Washing<strong>to</strong>n, DC, August 2005).<strong>Projections</strong>: <strong>Energy</strong> use per capita: Calculated fromdata in Table A2. <strong>Energy</strong> use per dollar of GDP: TableA19.Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel, 1980-<strong>2030</strong>:His<strong>to</strong>ry: <strong>Energy</strong> Information Administration (EIA), FormEIA-860B, “<strong>Annual</strong> Electric Genera<strong>to</strong>r Report—Nonutility”;EIA, <strong>Annual</strong> <strong>Energy</strong> Review 2004, DOE/EIA-0384(2004) (Washing<strong>to</strong>n, DC, August 2005); and Edison ElectricInstitute. <strong>Projections</strong>: Table A8.Figure 6. Total energy production and consumption,1980-<strong>2030</strong>: His<strong>to</strong>ry: <strong>Energy</strong> Information Administration,<strong>Annual</strong> <strong>Energy</strong> Review 2004, DOE/EIA-0384(2004) (Washing<strong>to</strong>n,DC, August 2005). <strong>Projections</strong>: Table A1.Figure 7. <strong>Energy</strong> production by fuel, 1980-<strong>2030</strong>: His<strong>to</strong>ry:<strong>Energy</strong> Information Administration, <strong>Annual</strong> <strong>Energy</strong>Review 2004, DOE/EIA-0384(2004) (Washing<strong>to</strong>n, DC, August2005). <strong>Projections</strong>: Tables A1 and A17.Figure 8. Projected U.S. carbon dioxide emissions bysec<strong>to</strong>r and fuel, 1990-<strong>2030</strong>: His<strong>to</strong>ry: <strong>Energy</strong> InformationAdministration, Emissions of Greenhouse Gases in theUnited States 2004, DOE/EIA-0573(2004) (Washing<strong>to</strong>n,DC, December 2005). <strong>Projections</strong>: Table A18.Figure 9. Sulfur dioxide emissions in selected States,1980-2003: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, website http://cfpub.epa.gov/gdm.Figure 10. World oil prices in the AEO2005 andAEO<strong>2006</strong> reference cases: AEO2005: <strong>Energy</strong> InformationAdministration, AEO2005 National <strong>Energy</strong> ModelingSystem, run AEO2005.D102004A. AEO<strong>2006</strong>: Table A1.Figure 11. World oil prices in three AEO<strong>2006</strong> cases,1980-<strong>2030</strong>: Table C1.Figure 12. Changes in world oil price and U.S. realGDP in the AEO<strong>2006</strong> high and low price cases, 2004-<strong>2030</strong>: AEO<strong>2006</strong> National <strong>Energy</strong> Modeling System, runsLP<strong>2006</strong>.D120105A and HP<strong>2006</strong>.D113005A.Figure 13. GDP elasticities <strong>with</strong> respect <strong>to</strong> oil pricechanges in the high price case, <strong>2006</strong>-<strong>2030</strong>: AEO<strong>2006</strong>National <strong>Energy</strong> Modeling System, run HP<strong>2006</strong>.D113005A. Note: The figure shows profiles of year-by-yearand period average GDP elasticities <strong>with</strong> respect <strong>to</strong> oil pricechanges in the high price case. The elasticities are computedas follows: (1) Year-by-year elasticity =(Percentagechange from baseline real GDP )/(Percentage change frombaseline oil price ). (2) Period average elasticity =(percentagechange in cumulative high price GDPs from cumulativebaseline GDPs )/(Percentage change in cumulative highprices from cumulative baseline prices ).Figure 14. Purvin & Gertz forecast for world oil productionby crude oil quality, 1990-2020: Purvin &Gertz, Inc., “Global Petroleum Market <strong>Outlook</strong>—An OnlineGlobal Service,” Petroleum Balances (2004), web sitewww.purvingertz.com/studies.html.Figure 15. Sulfur content specifications for U.S. petroleumproducts, 1990-2014: U.S. Environmental ProtectionAgency, “Tier 2/Gasoline Sulfur Final Rule” (Washing<strong>to</strong>n,DC, February 2000), web site www.epa.gov/tier2/finalrule.htm; “Control of Air Pollution From New Mo<strong>to</strong>rVehicles: Heavy-Duty Engine and Vehicle Standards andHighway Diesel Fuel Sulfur Control Requirements FinalRule” (Washing<strong>to</strong>n, DC, January 2001), web site www.epa.gov/fedrgstr/EPA-AIR/2001/January/Day-18/a01a.htm;and “Control of Emissions of Air Pollution From NonroadDiesel Engines and Fuel Final Rule” (Washing<strong>to</strong>n, DC,June 2004), web site www.epa.gov/fedrgstr/EPA-AIR/2004/June/Day-29/a11293a.htm.Figure 16. U.S. hydrotreating capacity, 1990-<strong>2030</strong>:His<strong>to</strong>ry: <strong>Energy</strong> Information Administration, Office of Oiland Gas, derived from Form EI-810 “Monthly Refinery Report.”<strong>Projections</strong>: AEO<strong>2006</strong> National <strong>Energy</strong> ModelingSystem, run AEO<strong>2006</strong>.D111905A.Figure 17. Market penetration of advanced technologiesin new cars, 2004 and <strong>2030</strong>: AEO<strong>2006</strong> National<strong>Energy</strong> Modeling System, run AEO<strong>2006</strong>.D111905A.Figure 18. Market penetration of advanced technologiesin new light trucks, 2004 and <strong>2030</strong>: AEO<strong>2006</strong> National<strong>Energy</strong> Modeling System, run AEO<strong>2006</strong>.D111905A.Figure 19. System elements for production of syntheticfuels from coal, natural gas, and biomass:<strong>Energy</strong> Information Administration, Office of IntegratedAnalysis and Forecasting.Figure 20. Mercury emissions from the electricitygeneration sec<strong>to</strong>r, 2002-<strong>2030</strong>: AEO<strong>2006</strong> National <strong>Energy</strong>Modeling System, runs AEO<strong>2006</strong>.D111905A andACI<strong>2006</strong>.D112305A.Figure 21. Mercury allowance prices, 2010-<strong>2030</strong>:AEO<strong>2006</strong> National <strong>Energy</strong> Modeling System, runs AEO-<strong>2006</strong>.D111905A and ACI<strong>2006</strong>.D112305A.Figure 22. Coal-fired generating capacity retrofitted<strong>with</strong> activated carbon injection systems, 2010-<strong>2030</strong>:AEO<strong>2006</strong> National <strong>Energy</strong> Modeling System, runs AEO-<strong>2006</strong>.D111905A and ACI<strong>2006</strong>.D112305A.Figure 23. Projected change in U.S. greenhouse gasintensity in three cases, 2002-2020: AEO<strong>2006</strong> National<strong>Energy</strong> Modeling System, runs AEO<strong>2006</strong>.D111905A,LTRKITEN.D121905A, and HTRKITEN.D121905A.Figure 24. Average annual growth rates of real GDP,labor force, and productivity in three cases, 2004-<strong>2030</strong>: Table B4.Figure 25. Average annual unemployment, interest,and inflation rates, 2004-<strong>2030</strong>: Table A19.Figure 26. Sec<strong>to</strong>ral composition of output growthrates, 2004-<strong>2030</strong>: AEO<strong>2006</strong> National <strong>Energy</strong> ModelingSystem, run AEO<strong>2006</strong>.D111905A.Figure 27. Sec<strong>to</strong>ral composition of manufacturingoutput growth rates, 2004-<strong>2030</strong>: AEO<strong>2006</strong> National <strong>Energy</strong>Modeling System, run AEO<strong>2006</strong>.D111905A.<strong>Energy</strong> Information Administration / <strong>Annual</strong> <strong>Energy</strong> <strong>Outlook</strong> <strong>2006</strong> 125