Issues in FocusAEO<strong>2006</strong> projects energy-related CO 2 emissions,which represented approximately 83 percent of <strong>to</strong>talU.S. GHG emissions in 2002. <strong>Projections</strong> for theother GHGs are derived from an EPA “no-measures”case, a recent update <strong>to</strong> the “business-as-usual” casecited in the White House Greenhouse Gas Policy BookAddendum [81] released <strong>with</strong> the Climate ChangeInitiative. The projections from the Policy Book werebased on several EPA-sponsored studies conducted inpreparation for the U.S. Department of State’s ClimateAction Report 2002 [82]. The no-measures casewas developed by EPA in preparation for a planned<strong>2006</strong> “National Communication” <strong>to</strong> the UnitedNations in which a “<strong>with</strong>-measures” policy case is <strong>to</strong>be published [83]. Table 15 combines the AEO<strong>2006</strong>reference case projections for energy-related CO 2emissions <strong>with</strong> the projections for other GHGs.Although AEO<strong>2006</strong> does not include cases that specificallyaddress alternative assumptions about GHGintensity, the integrated high technology case doesgive some indication of the feasibility of meeting the18-percent intensity reduction target. In the integratedhigh technology case, which combines the hightechnology cases for the residential, commercial,industrial, transportation, and electric power sec<strong>to</strong>rs,CO 2 emissions in 2012 are projected <strong>to</strong> be 166 millionmetric <strong>to</strong>ns less than the reference case projection. Asa result, U.S. GHG intensity would fall by 18.6 percentfrom 2002 <strong>to</strong> 2012, more than enough <strong>to</strong> meetthe Administration’s goal of 18 percent (Figure 23).Figure 23. Projected change in U.S. greenhouse gasintensity in three cases, 2002-2020 (percent)0According <strong>to</strong> the combined emissions projections inTable 15, the GHG intensity of the U.S. economy isexpected <strong>to</strong> decline by 17 percent between 2002 and2012, and by 28 percent between 2002 and 2020 in thereference case. The Administration’s goal of reducingGHG intensity by 18 percent by 2012 would requireemissions reductions of about 116 million metric <strong>to</strong>nsCO 2 equivalent from the projected levels in the referencecase.-5-10-15-20-25-30-352012 goal2002 2007 2012 2016 20202005technologycaseReferenceHightechnologycaseTable 15. Projected changes in U.S. greenhouse gas emissions, gross domestic product, and greenhouse gasintensity, 2002-2020ProjectionPercent ChangeMeasure2002 2012 2020 2002-2012 2002-2020Greenhouse gas emissions(million metric <strong>to</strong>ns carbon dioxide equivalent)<strong>Energy</strong>-related carbon dioxide 5,746 6,536 7,119 13.7 23.9Methane 626 686 739 9.5 18.0Nitrous oxide 335 351 366 4.9 9.3Gases <strong>with</strong> high global warming potential 143 245 339 71.2 136.6Other carbon dioxide and adjustmentsfor military and international bunker fuel 62 79 86 26.7 37.2Total greenhouse gases 6,913 7,897 8,649 14.2 25.1Gross domestic product (billion 2000 dollars) 10,049 13,793 17,541 37.3 74.6Greenhouse gas intensity(thousand metric <strong>to</strong>ns carbon dioxideequivalent per billion 2000 dollars of grossdomestic product) 688 573 493 -16.8 -28.360 <strong>Energy</strong> Information Administration / <strong>Annual</strong> <strong>Energy</strong> <strong>Outlook</strong> <strong>2006</strong>
Market TrendsThe projections in AEO<strong>2006</strong> are not statements ofwhat will happen but of what might happen, giventhe assumptions and methodologies used. Theprojections are business-as-usual trend estimates,given known technology, technological and demographictrends, and current laws and regulations.Thus, they provide a policy-neutral reference casethat can be used <strong>to</strong> analyze policy initiatives. EIAdoes not propose, advocate, or speculate on futurelegislative and regula<strong>to</strong>ry changes. All laws areassumed <strong>to</strong> remain as currently enacted; however,the impacts of emerging regula<strong>to</strong>ry changes, whendefined, are reflected.Because energy markets are complex, models aresimplified representations of energy production andconsumption, regulations, and producer and consumerbehavior. <strong>Projections</strong> are highly dependen<strong>to</strong>n the data, methodologies, model structures,and assumptions used in their development.Behavioral characteristics are indicative of realworldtendencies rather than representations ofspecific outcomes.<strong>Energy</strong> market projections are subject <strong>to</strong> muchuncertainty. Many of the events that shape energymarkets are random and cannot be anticipated,including severe weather, political disruptions,strikes, and technological breakthroughs. In addition,future developments in technologies, demographics,and resources cannot be foreseen <strong>with</strong>certainty. Many key uncertainties in the AEO<strong>2006</strong>projections are addressed through alternative cases.EIA has endeavored <strong>to</strong> make these projections as objective,reliable, and useful as possible; however,they should serve as an adjunct <strong>to</strong>, not a substitutefor, a complete and focused analysis of public policyinitiatives.