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NOTES 36 Colum. 1.7. Sen. Benef. 7.16.3: . . . qui incendio aut latrocinio aut aliquo casu tristiore aliena cum suis perdidit (with the same connection between incendium and latrocinium in De ira 3.43.3). Plut. Mor. 171E. Eus. Hist. eccl. 6.42.2. 37 Sen. Benef. 1.5.4: amicum a piratis redemi; 4.12.2: latronibus circumventum defendo; 4.26.1: nam et sceleratis sol oritur, et piratis patent maria; 4.35.2: promisi me peregre exiturum: sed iter infestarii latrociniis nuntiatur; 5.9.2: quis umquam laudatus est, quod sibi ipse esset auxilio? Quod se eripuisset latronibus?; 6.9.2: ne in piratarum manus pervenirent, quidam naufragio consecuti sint; 7.15.1: Ad summam puta, cum captus esses, me (...) navigasse (...) per infesta latrociniis litora (...) tandem ad piratas perveni, iam te alius redemerat; De ira 1.16.1: non irascar latroni?; 2.17.2: nec latronem oportet esse nec praedam, nec misericordem, nec crudelem: illius nimis mollis animus, huius nimis durus est. 38 Lucian Catapl. 6. Cf. the similar passage in the Odyssey (11.397–403), where, in the Underworld, Odysseus enquires of Agamemnon how he met his end, giving various possibilities including death during a cattle raid. 39 Plin. Epist. 10.96.7: Adfirmabant autem hanc fuisse summam vel culpae suae erroris, quod essent soliti stato die ante lucem convenire, carmenque Christo quasi deo dicere secum invicem seque sacramento non in scelus aliquod obstringere, sed ne furta ne latrocinia ne adulteria committerent, ne fidem fallerent, ne depositum adpellati abnegarent. 40 Cypr. De zelo et livore 7.130ff. (CCL III A p. 79): In adultero cessat facinus perpetrato stupro, in latrone conquiescit scelus homicidio admisso et praedonis rapacitatem statuit possessa praeda et falsario modum ponit impleta fallacia. 41 Pliny the Younger also distinguishes between grassatores and latrones (Paneg. 34.1): Vidimus delatorum agmen inductum, quasi grassatorum quasi latronum. Non solitudinem illi, non iter sed templum sed forum insederant. 42 Galen De anatom. admin. 3.5 (p. II 386, 17 Kühn). 43 Ulp. Dig. 12.4.5.4. 44 Luke 10.25–37. For theological commentary and bibliography on the parable of the Good Samaritan see W. Wiefel, Das Evangelium nach Lukas (Theologischer Handkommentar zum Neuen Testament, Bd. III), Berlin 1988, 206–11 and now H. Schürmann, Das Lukasevangelium. Zweiter Teil, erste Folge: Kommentar zu Kapitel 9.51–11.54 (Herders Theologischer Kommentar zum Neuen Testament, Bd. III 2.1), Freiburg 1994, 125–47. 45 2 Cor. 11, 26 (King James). 46 Plin. Nat. 8.144: apud nos Vulcatium nobilem qui Cascellinum ius civile docuit asturcone e suburbano redeuntem, cum advesperavisset, canis a grassatore defendit, item Caelium senatorem aegrum Placentiae ab armatis oppressum, nec prius ille vulneratus est quam cane interempto. 47 Sen. De ira 3.43.3: Saepe rixam conclamatum in vicinia incendium solvit et interventus ferae latronem viatoremque diducit. 48 Apul. Met. 8.16–18. 49 Juv. 10.19–22: pauca licet portes argenti vascula puri/nocte iter ingressus, gladium contumque timebis/et motae ad lunam trepidabis harundinis umbram:/cantabit vacuus coram latrone viato. (Trans. Green) 50 Sen. Epist. 14.9: nudum latro transmittit; etiam in obsessa via pauperi pax est. (Trans. Gummere, Loeb) 51 Epict. 4.1.91–95. 52 HA Hadr. 2.6: . . . diu detentus fractoque consulte vehiculo tardatus, pedibus iter faciens etc. 173
BANDITS IN THE ROMAN EMPIRE 53 CIL VIII 2728 + 18122 = ILS 5795 (Lambaesis): profectus sum et in- | ter vias latrones sum passus. Nudus saucius e- | vasi cum meis. Since, at ll.15f., we find Clementem procuratorem conveni, CIL and ILS must be mistaken in proposing the writer himself as Clemens. For Varius Clemens cf. CIL III 5213f.; 5216 = ILS 1362; 1362a; 1362b, for Valerius Etruscus CIL VIII 2543; 17854; ILS 5351. 54 Cf. esp. Bellen, Sklavenflucht 95ff. Krause, Gefängnisse 26ff., each with further bibliography. 55 App. Civ. 5.132.547. Suet. Aug. 32.1. 56 Suet. Aug. 32.2; Tib. 37.1. Cf. O. Hirschfeld, ‘Die Sicherheitspolizei in der römischen Kaiserzeit’ (1891) in idem, Kleine Schriften, Berlin 1913, (576–612) 591. Bellen, Sklavenflucht 95. Shaw, ‘Bandits’ 34. 57 CIL VIII 2494; 2495 (in the vicinity of the Oasis of El Kantara): burgum Commodianum speculatorium . . . ad salutem commeantium. 58 CIL III 3385 = ILS 395: ripam omnem bu[rgis] | a solo extructis idem praes[i]- | dis per loca opportuna ad | clandestinos latrunculo- | rum transitus oppositis. Further references in Pekáry, Seditio 145. Cf. A. Alföldi, ‘Epigraphica IV’, ArchErt 2, 1941, (40–59) 45 (= AE 1944, 95). According to Alföldi the latrunculi against whom the burgi Commodiani were erected were no ordinary bandits but rather barbarians raiding into the frontier-area. Cf. also J. Fitz, ‘Maßnahmen zur militärischen Sicherheit von Pannonia Inferior unter Commodus’, Klio 39, 1961, 199–214. P. Oliva, Pannonia and the Onset of Crisis in the Roman Empire, Prague 1962, 309. F. Grosso, La lotta politica al tempo di Commodo, Turin 1964, 487. Bellen, Sklavenflucht 102. G. Alföldy, Noricum, London 1974, 204f. for CIL III 5670a = ILS 774, a fourth-century burgusinscription. On burgi cf. Veget. 4.10. Isid. Orig. 9.4.28. O. Seeck, s.v. burgus, RE III, 1899, 1066f. G. Behrens, ‘Burgi und burgarii’, Germania 15, 1931, 81–3. L. Ohlenroth, ‘Römische Burgi an der Straße Augsburg – Kempten – Bregenz’, BRGK 28, 1938, 122–56. M. Labrousse, ‘Les burgarii et le cursus publicus’, MEFRA 56, 1939, 151–67. E. Penninck, ‘L’origine hellénique de burgus’, Latomus 4, 1940– 45, 5–21. 59 Tert. Apol. 2.8: Latronibus vestigandis per universas provincias militaris statio sortitur. Cf. A.V. Domaszewski, ‘Die Beneficiarierposten und die römischen Strassennetze’, Westdeutsche Zeitschrift für Geschichte und Kunst 21, 1902, 158–211, and now J. Ott, Osterburken I: Corpus der griechischen und lateinischen Beneficiarierinschriften des römischen Reiches, Stuttgart 1990. Idem, Die Beneficiarier, Stuttgart 1995. 60 Cypr. Ad Donatum 6.117f. (CCL III A p. 6): Cerne tu itinera latronibus clausa, maria obsessa praedonibus, cruente horrore castrorum bella ubique divisa. 61 By virtue of their mandata principis provincial governors were responsible, inter alia, for the suppression of latrones, sacrilegii, mali homines, plagiarii and fures: Ulp. Dig. 1.18.13 pr. Cf. also Paul. Dig. 1.18.3. Marc. Dig. 48.13.4.2. P. Oxy. 12, 1408. BGU 646. On this see too Bellen, Sklavenflucht 13f.; 105 and n. 756. Minor, Brigand 40. Krause, Gefängnisse 28. Cf. further Juv. 8.121f. 62 CIL XIII 5010 = ILS 7007; CIL XIII 6211. On this see L. Flam-Zuckermann, ‘À propos d’une inscription de Suisse (CIL XIII, 5010): étude du phénomène de brigandage dans l’empire romain’, Latomus 29, 1970, 451–73. G. Mangard, ‘L’inscription dédicatoire du théâtre du Bois l’Abbé à Eu (Seine-Maritime)’, Gallia 40, 1982, 35–51. An agens at | latrunculum operated in Italy in the third century, CIL XI 6107 = ILS 509, see Th. Mommsen, Römisches Staatsrecht, Bd. II 2, 2 3 , repr. Graz 1969, 1075, nn. 1–2. Hirschfeld, ‘Sicherheitspolizei’ (n. 56), 592. 63 Marc. Dig. 48.3.6.1: sed et caput mandatorum exstat, quod divus Pius, cum provinciae Asiae praeerat, sub edicto proposuit, ut irenarchae, cum adprehenderint latrones, interrogent de sociis et receptatoribus etc. See Bellen, Sklavenflucht 103. Cf. also Lib. Or. 25.43. Diogmitai: HA Marc. 21.7; Amm. 27.9.6. From the third century there were also 174
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