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NOTES
9 Diod. 36.6.1; 36.11.1. Flor. 2.7.11; 2.8.5. Dio 27.93.3.
10 Pompon. Dig. 50.16.118 pr. ‘Hostes’ hi sunt, qui nobis aut quibus nos publice bellum
decrevimus: ceteri ‘latrones’ aut ‘praedones’ sunt. Cf. Ulp. Dig. 49.15.24 pr.; see also
above, p. 16 and pp. 40–1.
11 Hoben, Terminologische Studien 17ff., 40.
12 According to Diod. 34/35.2.16, during the first Sicilian war the slaves fought with
axes, sickles, cleavers, slings, stakes and spits.
13 E.g., Flor. 2.8.5 (on the war with Spartacus): villarum atque vicorum vastatione. Cf.
J. Vogt, ‘Zur Struktur der antiken Sklavenkriege’, in idem, Sklaverei und Humanität.
Studien zur antiken Sklaverei und ihrer Erforschung 2 , Wiesbaden 1972, 47.
14 See generally Hoben, Terminologische Studien 116ff.
15 Flor. 2.8.12.
16 Hoben, Terminologische Studien 120 (with references).
17 On Cleon see Diod. 34/35.2.17ff. Liv. Per. 56. Oros. 5.6.4. Ioh. Ant. frg. 61, FHG
IV 559f. F. Münzer, s.v. Kleon no. 5, RE XI, 1921, 717f. Vogt, ‘Zur Struktur’
(n. 13), 30f. Bradley, Slavery and Rebellion 46ff. Dumont, Servus 225; 235.
18 Bradley, Slavery and Rebellion 59.
19 Diod. 34/35.2.17.
20 E.g., Diod. 34/35.2.43. Val. Max. 9.12 ext. 1: maximus latronum dux. Hoben,
Terminologische Studien 79.
21 Diod. 34/35.2.17.
22 Strabo 14.4.2 p. 668 ascribes the beginnings of Cilician piracy to the Syrian usurper
Diodotus Tryphon, who revolted against Demetrius II Nicator in 145 bc. He used
the Cilician stronghold of Coracesium as his main base for his operations in Syria.
Strabo blames Tryphon and other Syrian rulers of his day, in whose sphere of
influence Cilicia lay, for the start of its piracy, saying that it was only at their
prompting that the Cilicians had started to organise pirate bands. He thereby
specifies the date at and circumstances under which Cilician pirate fleets began to
be used as regular elements in the numerous dynastic wars. This was, it should be
noted, not the beginning of Cilician piracy itself, which had much earlier antecedents.
The business with Tryphon introduced the pirates for the first time as a
political factor, from when they gradually expanded in their role as the dominant
sea power of the eastern Mediterranean. This development was encouraged by the
pirates’ participation as mercenaries in the civil and foreign wars of Hellenistic
kings and pretenders, which led to greater sophistication in the way in which they
were organised and to the increase in number and quality of their vessels and
equipment. In addition, the increased demand for slaves attracted the pirates to use
their organisation and strength for the lucrative business of slaving, eventually
becoming the main suppliers to the market at Delos. See M. Rostovtzeff, Social and
Economic History of the Hellenistic World, vol. 2, Oxford 1941 (repr. 1998), 783–85.
E. Maróti, ‘Diodotos Tryphon et la piraterie’, AAntHung 10, 1962, 187–97. G.
Marasco, ‘Roma e la pirateria cilicia’, RSI 99, 1987, (122–46) 122–9. A. Lewin,
‘Banditismo e civilitas nella Cilicia antica e tardoantica’, QS 76, 1991, (1671–80)
167f. Pohl, Piraterie, esp. Ch. 4, 95ff.
23 Diod. 34/35.2.43.
24 Val. Max. 9.12 ext. 1. Valerius Maximus knows Cleon’s brother as Coma, Diod.
34/35.2.21 has Komanus. On the common identity of the two see Dumont, Servus
208.
25 Val. Max. 9.12 ext. 1: inter ipsas custodum manus inque conspectu summi imperii exoptata
securitate acquievit.
26 Ibid.: ut corporis atque animi infirmo vinculo cohaerens societas dirimatur.
27 Diod. 34/35.2.4–8.
28 Diod. 34/35.2.14.
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