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NOTES
n. 326; 363 and n. 205, with further references, as also H. Bengtson, Griechische
Geschichte 5 , Munich 1977, 426f. and n. 4. M. Clauss, Sparta, Munich 1983, 89.
69 Syll. 3 786.
70 Strab. 8.5.5 p. 366. Paus. 2.3.5; 3.14.6.
71 Plut. Ant. 67.3.
72 Ibid.
73 Plut. Ant. 23.
74 Jos. Ant. Iud. 17.2.1–3 (23–31). C. Colpe, s.v. Zamaris, RE IX A, 1967, 2308.
E. Schürer, The History of the Jewish People in the Age of Jesus Christ (175 BC–AD 135),
trans. and rev. G. Vermes and F. Millar, I, Edinburgh 1973, 338, n. 3. Shaw,
‘Tyrants, Bandits and Kings’ 199f.
75 Ibid. 200f.
76 Aug. Res gestae 1: rem publicam a dominatione factionis oppressam in libertatem vindicavi;
ibid. 25: mare pacavi a praedonibus; 34: bella civilia exstinxeram.
77 Vell. 2.126.3: pax Augusta per omnis terrarum orbis angulos a latrociniorum metu servat
immunes; cf. also 2.89.3f.
78 One exception is provided by Valerius Asiaticus, consul in ad 46, condemned as
a latro by Claudius in his speech advocating acceptance of Gauls into the Senate:
CIL XIII 1668 = ILS 212, col. II, v.15: ut dirum nomen latronis taceam etc.
79 Tac. Ann. 4.34. The remaining references to latrones in the ‘Histories’ (1.46; 2.58;
4.50) and the ‘Annals’ (2.52; 2.64; 2.85; 3.73; 12.27; 12.39; 12.54; 14.23; 15.1)
mainly concern native resistance to Rome, as touched on for example above, pp.
48–55, in the case of Tacfarinas.
80 P. Oxy. I 33 = Wilcken, Chrest. 20 col. IV 8 = H. Musurillo, Acts of the Pagan
Martyrs, Oxford 1954, 65–70; 214–20. Cf. HA Comm. 5, 6: quos voluit, interemit,
spoliavit plurimos, omnia iura subvertit, praedam omnem in sinum contulit. On this see
M. Rostovtzeff, The Social and Economic History of the Roman Empire 2 , Oxford 1957,
590 n. 33. MacMullen, ‘The Roman Concept Robber-Pretender’ (n. 3), 222.
81 That latro and gladiator were also in common use as terms of disparagement in
private speech is shown by Ulpian in the context of discussion of the legal force of
the disinheritance of a son in a will that does not name him explicitly, but merely
refers to him through a string of stinging insults (Dig. 28.2.3 pr.):
Et si pepercerit filium dicere, ex Seia autem natum dixit, recte exheredat: et si cum
convicio dixerit ‘non nominandus’ vel ‘non filius meus’, ‘latro’, ‘gladiator’, magis
est, ut recte exheredatus sit, et si ex adultero natum dixerit.
82 On the concept of the tyrant in Late Antiquity see Th. Grünewald, Constantinus
Maximus Augustus. Herrschaftspropaganda in der zeitgenössischen Überlieferung, Stuttgart
1990, 64–71. Idem, ‘Constantinus Maximus Augustus: Zur Propaganda des
Siegers über Maxentius’, in Atti dell’Accademia Romanistica Costantiniana, IX convegno
internazionale, Perugia 1993, 407–27. Picked up by: V. Neri, ‘L’usurpatore come
tiranno nel lessico politico della tarda antichità’, in F. Paschoud, J. Szidat, eds,
Usurpationen in der Spätantike, Stuttgart 1997, 71–86.
83 Cf. MacMullen, ‘The Roman Concept Robber-Pretender’ (n. 3), 221. Wickert,
‘princeps’ (n. 28), 2123. Grünewald, Constantinus (n. 82), 66.
84 Paneg. Lat. 10 (ed. Mynors = 2 ed. Galletier).12.1; 13.5; 8(4).6.1; 12.1; 12.2; 16.4;
18.3.
85 Paneg. Lat. 12(9).17.1.
86 Ibid. 3.5.
87 Pompon. Dig. 50.16.118 pr.: ‘Hostes’ hi sunt, qui nobis aut quibus nos publice bellum
decrevimus: ceteri ‘latrones’ aut ‘praedones’ sunt. See above, pp. 16–17, 39–40.
88 Paneg. Lat. 2(12).24.1; 24.6; 25.6; 26.2–4; 43.3; 45.5.
89 On this see now M. Mause, Die Darstellung des Kaisers in der lateinischen Panegyrik,
Stuttgart 1994.
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