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NOTES
37 Xiphilinus’ text has tes patridos archon which, according to Boissevain, may be a
false rendering of tes poleos archon.
38 Dio 71.4; see also below pp. 121–2.
39 Dio 75.2.4.
40 For the insignia and dress of Roman emperors see the standard work of A. Alföldi,
Die monarchische Repräsentation (n. 13), with Restle, ‘Herrschaftszeichen’ (n. 12),
937–66 (with bibliography).
41 Diod. 34/35.2.16 (insignia, dress); 22 (staff ); 24 (regal name, ‘Syrians’). Cf. Bradley,
Slavery and Rebellion 59. See also above p. 61.
42 Dio 76.10.5. On this see also above, p. 9.
43 Athen. 265 B-266 E, after Nymphodorus of Syracuse (FGrHist 572 F 4). Escher,
s.v. Drimakos, RE V, 1905, 1708. A. Fuks, ‘Slave War and Slave Troubles in Chios
in the Third Century bc’, Athenaeum 46, 1968, 102–11. Bellen, Sklavenflucht 143.
J. Vogt, ‘Zum Experiment des Drimakos: Sklavenhaltung und Räuberstand’, in
idem, Sklaverei und Humanität. Studien zur antiken Sklaverei und ihrer Erforschung,
supplementary vol. to 2nd ed., Wiesbaden 1983, 28–35. Dumont, Servus 236f.
Bradley, Slavery and Rebellion 38–41.
44 Dio 56.16.3.
45 HA Pesc. 7.4; Sev. Alex. 26.6. W. Kunkel, Herkunft und soziale Stellung der römischen
Juristen 2 , Cologne 1967, 245ff.
46 Ulp. Dig. 7.1.15.1; 2: Sufficienter autem alere et vestire debet secundum ordinem et dignitatem
mancipiorum.
47 Bellen, Sklavenflucht 105; 132; 144. Cf. already F. Millar, A Study of Cassius Dio,
Oxford 1964, 147: ‘(Bulla) who held sway in southern Italy with a band of 600 men,
mainly recruited from slaves [my emphasis] who had escaped from imperial estates.’
48 In line with Kolb, ‘Wirtschaftliche und soziale Konflikte’ (n. 6), 287: ‘His following
was drawn for the most part from imperial freedmen.’ In individual cases
‘Caesariani’ can even denote freeborn members of the imperial workforce: P.R.C.
Weaver, Familia Caesaris. A Social Study of the Emperor’s Freedmen and Slaves, Cambridge
1972, 26.
49 Cf. Dio 56.32.1; 57.11.4; 58.19.6; 60.14.1; 16.2; 17.6; 31.2; 63.12.1; 27.3; 69.7.4;
72.10.2; 73.8.1; 4 (twice); 73.9.4; 76.6.2; 14.2; 77.3.3; 21.2 (twice); 78.10.3;
18.2; 79.14.2. Among these references, special mention should be made of 76.6.2,
where Kaisareioi and basilikoi apeleutheroi are used together as synonyms. See also
78.18.2, where the distinction between douloi and Kaisareioi is made particularly
evident. Cf. H. Chantraine, Freigelassene und Sklaven im Dienst der römischen Kaiser.
Studien zu ihrer Nomenklatur (Forschungen zur antiken Sklaverei 1), Wiesbaden
1967, 278f. and n. 2 (previous literature).
50 Dio 76.6.2, cf. Birley, African Emperor (n. 2), 169 (= Septimius Severus 242).
51 L. Okamura, ‘Social Disturbances in Late Roman Gaul: Deserters, Rebels, and
Bagaudae’, in T. Yuge, M. Doi, eds, Forms of Control and Subordination in Antiquity,
Leiden 1988, (288–302) n. 33 at p. 291.
52 J. Hasebroek, Untersuchungen zur Geschichte des Kaisers Septimius Severus, Heidelberg
1921, 102. M. Rostovtzeff, SEHRE (n. 29), 411. Birley, African Emperor (n. 2), 169
(= Septimius Severus 242).
53 Dio 74.2.5.
54 This accords with the proposal by Kolb, ‘Wirtschaftliche und soziale Konflikte’
(n. 6), 287, that the latrones of the third-century ‘Crisis’ were no class warriors of a
social revolutionary movement.
55 Dio 76.10.6–7.
56 This provides a hook on which to hang the chronology of what happened. War
broke out in Britain before the personal intervention of Severus. The commanding
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