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BANDITS IN THE ROMAN EMPIRE
179 On the end of Viriatus see above, pp. 45–7.
180 Tac. Ann. 4.26; cf. above, p. 52.
181 On Corocotta and Claudius see above, pp. 112, 115.
182 Alföldy, ‘Bellum desertorum’ (n. 100), 375f. (with earlier bibliography).
183 F. Cumont, s.v. Hilaria, RE VIII, 1913, 1597f. K. Latte, Römische Religionsgeschichte,
Munich 1960, 342. C.R. Whittaker, Herodian, vol. I (Loeb Classical Library), London
1969, 65 (commenting on Herodian 1.10.5).
184 Cf. Shaw, ‘Bandits’ 48.
7 AVENGERS IN DYNASTIC CONFLICTS
1 Val. Max. 9.10 pr.: Ultionis autem quemadmodum acres, ita iusti aculei sunt; qui lacessiti
concitantur, acceptum dolorem dolore pensare cupientes.
2 Lex XII Tab. 8.2. Cic. Mil. 4.9–11. Ulp. Dig. 43.16.1.27: Vim vi repellere licere
Cassius scribit, idque ius natura comparatur: apparet autem, inquit, ex eo arma armis
repellere licere. Paul. Dig. 9.2.45.4: . . . vim enim vi defendere omnes leges omniaque iura
permittunt. Cf. Th. Mayer-Maly, s.v. vis, RE IX A, 1961, (310–47) 315–23. A.W.
Lintott, Violence in Republican Rome, Oxford 1968, 22–34.
3 The process of transferring rights of vengeance from the individual to the state ran
parallel to that of transferring the waging of war. On ‘private vengeance’ see Mayer-
Maly, vis (n. 2), 315ff.: ‘vis als Selbsthilfe’; on ‘private war’ cf. D. Timpe, ‘Das
Kriegsmonopol des römischen Staates’, in W. Eder (ed.), Staat und Staatlichkeit in
der frühen römischen Republik, Stuttgart 1990, 368–87. As far as I am aware, there is
no research on the mentality and psychology of vengeance in Roman history. For
Greek, however, see H.J. Gehrke, ‘Die Griechen und die Rache. Ein Versuch in
historischer Psychologie’, Saeculum 38, 1987, 121–49.
4 Hobsbawm, Bandits 57ff.
5 Ibid. 14f.; 21; 35.
6 On Viriatus as avenger see above, p. 34.
7 E.g., Diod. 34/35.2.10; 2.13.
8 Cf. e.g., Jos. Bell. Iud. 4.6.1 (353–65).
9 Cf. Bellen, Sklavenflucht 6 and n. 14; 30f., but 127f. (runaway slaves did not
generally aim illicitly to adopt free status).
10 Cf. e.g., CIL III 940 = W. Eck and J. Heinrichs, Sklaven und Freigelassene in der
Gesellschaft der römischen Kaiserzeit, Darmstadt 1993, no. 45; BGU 193 = Eck /
Heinrichs, op. cit., no. 48. Bellen, Sklavenflucht 32f.
11 Cf. D. Kienast, Augustus. Prinzeps und Monarch, Darmstadt 1982, 5f.; P. Schrömbges,
Tiberius und die Res publica Romana, Bonn 1986, 30–2.
12 On this see W. Schmitthenner, Oktavian und das Testament Caesars. Eine Untersuchung
zu den politischen Anfängen des Augustus2 , Munich 1973. Kienast, Augustus (n. 11),
6 with n. 29 (lit.).
13 Aug. Res gestae 2: qui parentem meum necaverunt, eos in exilium expuli iudiciis legitimis
ultus eorum facinus et postea bellum inferentis rei publicae vici bis acie. Cf. App. Civ.
3.12.41. Ov. Met. 1.200ff.
14 Suet. Aug. 13.1. Dio 47.49.2. Cf. Kienast, Augustus (n. 11), 200.
15 Sed tolerabilis haec uni tantummodo anceps temeritas: 9.15 pr.
16 In the following, therefore, I have not considered the examples at: 9.15.2; 3; 5; ext.
1. This also applies to the obscure episode at 79.18.1–3, where we have a false
Alexander under Elagabalus; on this see Millar, A Study of Cassius Dio, Oxford
1964, 214–18 (= App. V). A. Rösger, ‘Severus Alexander und Alexander der
Große. Zu Herodian V 7 und Dio 79(80), 17–18’, in W. Will, J. Heinrichs, eds,
Zu Alexander d. Gr. Festschrift G. Wirth, vol. 2, Amsterdam 1988, 885–906.
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