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BANDITS IN THE ROMAN EMPIRE
130 Rougé, ‘L’Histoire Auguste et l’Isaurie’ (n. 97), esp. 301. Hellenkemper, ‘Legionen’
(n. 129).
131 HA Prob. 16.4–6; 19.8. Stein, s.v. Palfuerius, RE XVIII, 1949, 97. See generally
the literature on Lydius, above n. 97.
132 Rougé, ‘L’Histoire Auguste et l’Isaurie’ (n. 97), 282–315. For a more detailed
review of research see Paschoud, Zosime (n. 120), I 176 (= note 98 to Zos. 1.69f.).
133 Against the identification: Stein, s.v. Lydios, RE XIII, 1927, 2205. Idem., s.v.
Palfuerius, RE XVIII, 1949, 97. Syme, Ammianus (n. 90), 49. Minor, Brigand 112f.
n. 19. Mitchell, ‘The Siege of Cremna’ (n. 120), 313f.
134 HA Prob. 19.8.
135 Ibid. 16.5: facilius est ab istis locis latrones arceri quam tolli.
136 Ibid. 16.6: ne latrocinare umquam discerent. E. Ritterling, s.v. legio, RE XII, 1925,
1348, derives the three Isaurian legions of the Diocletianic period (Not. Dign. Or.
7, 56) from this measure. Hopwood, ‘Consent and Control’ (n. 97), 196, questions
this on the grounds that there is no archaeological or epigraphic evidence for
Probus’ settlement policy. But Hopwood’s interpretation of Probus’ measure – as
anticipatory of Diocletianic-Constantinian reforms making military service hereditary
(Cod. Theod. 7.21.1) – works only by assuming their historicity.
5 LEISTAI IN JUDAEA
1 For the province see S. Applebaum, ‘Judaea as a Roman Province: the Countryside
as a Political and Economic Factor’, ANRW II 8, 1977, 355–96. On the political
history of the regions see E. Schürer, The History of the Jewish People in the Age of Jesus
Christ (175 BC–AD 135), ed. and rev. by G. Vermes and F. Millar, vol. I, Edinburgh
1973, 243ff. D.R. Schwartz, Agrippa I. The Last King of Judaea, Tübingen 1990.
Idem, Studies in the Jewish Background of Christianity, Tübingen 1992. J.S. McLaren,
Power and Politics in Palestine. The Jews and the Governing of Their Land, 100 BC–AD
70, Sheffield 1991. J.J. Price, Jerusalem under Siege. The Collapse of the Jewish State,
66–70 CE, Leiden 1992.
2 E.g., Jos. Bell. Iud. 2.9.2 (169–71): Pilate had Roman military standards bearing
the imperial likeness brought to Jerusalem, thereby injuring the religious feelings
of followers of a religion without images.
3 The full depth of the social conflict between rich and poor within Jewish society
is shown in the dramatic burning by Sicarii of certificates of indebtedness held
in the Temple archive at Jerusalem as one of the first incidents of the Jewish War:
Jos. Bell. Iud. 2.17.6 (425–8). On this see M. Goodman, The Ruling Class of Judaea.
The Origins of the Jewish Revolt against Rome AD 66–70, Cambridge 1987, 57f. Cf.
also P. Brunt, ‘Josephus on Social Conflicts in Roman Judaea’, in idem, Roman
Imperial Themes, Oxford 1990, 282–8.
4 The power struggle between opposing groups within ‘the ruling class of Judaea’
as the original catalyst for conflict in the Jewish War was brought into the picture
by Goodman, Ruling Class (n. 3). For the other causes and catalysts of the war, see
Goodman’s review of the traditional factors, 5ff. (incompetence of Roman governors;
demands of the imperial government; wounding of Jewish religious sensibilities by
non-Jews; conflict at the confluence of many religions and cultures [see also the
following note], concluding, 19:
A plausible solution to the problem is to posit that an amalgam of all
these causes was responsible: an event like the outbreak of war is not
simple, and the disparate factors suggested may have interacted in quite
complex ways. ( ...) It seems to me that elucidation of one further cause
which has hitherto been ignored may provide, when taken together with
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