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Revista Volumen V - Academia Puertorriqueña de Jurisprudencia y ...

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ironía sino el último refugio <strong>de</strong> la esperanza? Invocada la Justicia, ésta muestramomentáneamente su cara <strong>de</strong> Jano y retroce<strong>de</strong> tras el silencio que hace posible el lenguaje. Laescritura, nos recuerda Blanchot, ya es violencia. 24 Así, toda palabra, todo lenguaje <strong>de</strong>marcan - apuño y letra (y aquí la «y» es <strong>de</strong>cisiva) - los límites <strong>de</strong>l sentido. 25 Límites, sobra <strong>de</strong>cir, a sertransgredidos por cada sucesiva generación. Hay una cantidad infinita <strong>de</strong> esperanza, le <strong>de</strong>cíaKafka a su amigo Max Brod, pero no para nosotros. 26X¿De dón<strong>de</strong> ese <strong>de</strong>seo, la agonía, <strong>de</strong> transgredir los límites <strong>de</strong>l sentido? 27 Toda reinvención<strong>de</strong>l lenguaje presupone dos momentos simultáneos: su construcción y <strong>de</strong>strucción. No obstante,24 Writing is per se already (it is still) violence: the rupture there is in each fragment, the break, the splitting, the tearing of theshred - acute singularity, steely point. And yet this combat is, for patience, <strong>de</strong>bate. The name wears away, the fragmentfragments, ero<strong>de</strong>s. Passivity passes away patiently, lost stakes." Blanchot, M.; The Writing of the Disaster, p.46.25 Considérense las siguientes proposiciones <strong>de</strong>l Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus <strong>de</strong> Wittgenstein: "5.6: Los límites <strong>de</strong> milenguaje significan los límites <strong>de</strong> mi mundo. 5.61 La lógica llena el mundo; los límites <strong>de</strong>l mundo son también sus límites.Nosotros no po<strong>de</strong>mos, pues, <strong>de</strong>cir en lógica: en el mundo hay esto y lo <strong>de</strong> más allá; aquello y lo otro, no. Esto parece,aparentemente, presuponer ciertas posibilida<strong>de</strong>s, lo que no pue<strong>de</strong> ser, pues, <strong>de</strong> lo contrario, la lógica saldría <strong>de</strong> los límites <strong>de</strong>lmundo; esto es, siempre que pudiese consi<strong>de</strong>rar igualmente estos límites también <strong>de</strong>s<strong>de</strong> el otro lado. Lo que no po<strong>de</strong>mos pensarno po<strong>de</strong>mos pensarlo. Tampoco, pues, po<strong>de</strong>mos <strong>de</strong>cir lo que no po<strong>de</strong>mos pensar. 5.62 Esta observación da la clave para <strong>de</strong>cidiracerca <strong>de</strong> la cuestión <strong>de</strong> cuánto haya verdad en el solipsismo. En realidad, lo que el solipsismo quiere <strong>de</strong>cir es totalmente correcto;sólo que no pue<strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong>cirse, sino mostrarse. Que el mundo es mi mundo, se muestra en que los límites <strong>de</strong>l lenguaje (ellenguaje que yo sólo entiendo) significan los límites <strong>de</strong> mi mundo. 5.621 El Mundo y la vida son una sola cosa. 5.63 Yo soy mimundo. (El microcosmos.) 5.631 El sujeto pensante, representante, no existe. [...] 5.632 El sujeto no pertenece al mundo, sino quees un límite <strong>de</strong>l mundo". Recogido en Textos Filosóficos, pp.764-765. Para un comentario exhaustivo <strong>de</strong>l Tractatus, véase, Black,M.; A Companion to Wittgenstein's `Tractatus', Cambridge Univ. Press (1964). Cierto es que en sus Investigaciones Wittgensteinabandona el concepto <strong>de</strong> límite y lo sustituye por el <strong>de</strong> juego. Pero, ¿no es acaso todo juego, <strong>de</strong> por sí, un límite? Véase, a<strong>de</strong>más,la apropiación sociológica que hace J.-F. Lyotard <strong>de</strong>l concepto <strong>de</strong> «language games» <strong>de</strong> Wittgenstein para a<strong>de</strong>lantar sudiagnóstico <strong>de</strong> la «condición postmo<strong>de</strong>rna» en La Condición Postmo<strong>de</strong>rna, Ediciones Cátedra, Madrid (1987). Sobre este trabajohay que <strong>de</strong>cir, en general, que la crisis <strong>de</strong> las «meta-narrativas» (entiéndase por ello el escepticismo generalizado <strong>de</strong> aquellosconceptos fundamentales, tales como "Justicia", "Libertad", "Razón", etc.) alcanza también a quien lo diagnostica. El diagnóstico<strong>de</strong> la «condición postmo<strong>de</strong>rna» es tan sólo otra meta-lenguaje <strong>de</strong>l cual <strong>de</strong>bemos sospechar.26En su ensayo Franz Kafka, comenta Benjamín: "From The Trial it may be seen that these proceedings usually are hopeless forthose accused - hopeless even when they have hopes of being acquitted. It may be this hopelessness that brings out the beauty inthem—the only creatures in Kafka thus favored. At least this would be very much in keeping with a conversation, which MaxBrod has related. `I remember,' Brod writes, `a conversation with Kafka which began with present-day Europe and the <strong>de</strong>cline ofthe human race. `We are nihilistic thoughts, suicidal thoughts that come into God's head', Kafka said. This remin<strong>de</strong>d me at first ofthe Gnostic view of life: God as the evil <strong>de</strong>miurge, the world as his fall. `Oh no', said Kafka, `our world is only a bad mood ofGod, a bad day of his.' `Then there is hope outsi<strong>de</strong> this manifestation of the world that we know.' He smiled, `Oh, plenty of hope,an infinite amount of hope - but not for us.'[...]” Recogido en Illuminations, p. 116 (elipsis nuestra). En una carta dirigida a suamigo G. Scholem en 1938, Benjamín retoma sus reflexiones sobre Kafka: "Kafka lives in a complementary world. [...] Hisgestures of terror are given scope by the marvelous margin, which the catastrophe will not grant us. But his experience was basedsolely on the tradition to which Kafka surren<strong>de</strong>red; there was no far-sightedness or `prophetic vision'. Kafka listened to tradition,and he who listens hard does not see. The main reason why listening <strong>de</strong>mands such effort is that only the most indistinct soundsreach the listener. There is no doctrine that one could absorb, no knowledge that one could preserve. The things that want to becaught as they rush by are not meant for anyone's ears. This implies a state of affairs, which negatively characterize Kafka'sworks with great precision. [...] Kafka's work presents a sickness of tradition. Wisdom has sometimes been <strong>de</strong>fined as the epicsi<strong>de</strong> of truth. Such a <strong>de</strong>finition stamps wisdom as inherent in tradition; it is truth in its haggadic consistency. It is this consistencyof truth that has been lost. Kafka was far from being the first to face this situation. Many had accommodated themselves to it,clinging to truth or whatever they happened to regard as truth and, with a more or less heavy heart, forgoing its transmissibility.Kafka's real genius was that he tried something entirely new: he sacrificed truth for the sake of clinging to its transmissibility, itshaggadic element. [...]" (elipsis nuestra). Illuminations, p.143-144.27En las conversaciones sostenidas entre Wittgenstein y el «círculo <strong>de</strong> Viena» en 1929, y comentando sobre la filosofía <strong>de</strong>lHei<strong>de</strong>gger <strong>de</strong> Sein und Zeit, dijo Wittgenstein: "To be sure, I can imagine what Hei<strong>de</strong>gger means by being and anxiety. Man feelsthe urge to run up against the limits of language. Think for example of the astonishment that anything at all exist. Thisastonishment cannot be expressed in the form of a question, and there is also no answer whatsoever. Anything we might say is apriori bound to be mere nonsense. Nevertheless we do run up against the limits of language. {1} Kierkegaard too saw that there

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