Narcissus and Daffodil

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Production of Narcissus bulbs 109 Production from seed Production from seed is, of course, the method used by breeders, and is also important for species that form few offsets. Narcissus breeders may sow seed soon after collection, either outdoors or in a cold-frame, and germination occurs somewhat unevenly in spring. Caldwell and Wallace (1955) reported that, under natural conditions, seed of Narcissus pseudonarcissus germinated naturally in November or December, while Wells (1989) stated that, when seed is sown outdoors in early May soon after collection, N. bulbocodium types start to germinate in late-August and germination continues through the winter, with N. pseudonarcissus offspring perhaps not germinating until early spring. Under natural conditions, summer drought may induce dormancy in N. pseudonarcissus (Barkham, 1980). Rees (1972) stated that narcissus seeds have a cold requirement of many weeks, and Linfield and Price (1986) germinated seed of commercial cultivars using a cold treatment of 12 weeks at 12 °C. Thompson (1977) reported that, in N. bulbocodium, conditioning imbibed seed for 7 weeks at 26 °C (but not at 6 or 16 °C) gave rapid germination when subsequently moved to 5–16 °C. This suggested that seed should be sown in a warm glasshouse and moved to cooler conditions after 2 months. Hanks and Mathew (1997) reported that synchronous germination could be obtained in N. cyclamineus, N. bulbocodium var. citrinus and N. pseudonarcissus by keeping imbibed seed at 25–30 °C for 8–12 weeks then transferring to 15 °C. There is little information on other aspects of the seed physiology of narcissus, although Caldwell and Wallace (1955) reported that seeds of N. pseudonarcissus were not light sensitive. Hanks and Mathew (1997) reported that controlling seedborne fungi on N. cyclamineus by disinfection, HWT, etc., was difficult. Under optimum conditions, it takes 3 years for seed-raised plants of species such as N. bulbocodium and N. triandrus to reach flowering size, 4–5 years in other species and 7–8 years in some cultivars (Koopowitz, 1986; Oldfield, 1989). This long period needed to produce saleable bulbs is a strong disincentive to commercial production. Germination and growing systems for the commercial production of Narcissus species were investigated by Hanks and Mathew (1997), who showed that seedlings could be successful raised in cellular trays for sale as ‘plug plants’ or for growing on, a method useful for species like N. bulbocodium that reach flowering size quickly. CONCLUSIONS This chapter demonstrates that the methods for growing and handling narcissus bulbs are well documented, but that there remains considerable scope for changes in husbandry and other practices that might make the crop more cost-effectively produced when growing for processing, or which would enable it to be grown in an more environmentally friendly way. Some major research needs are evident, such as the need for cultivars resistant to base rot and virus diseases (or their vectors), for safer and (or) more effective chemicals (e.g., for bulb disinfection and the control of large narcissus fly), and for the development of mechanical or robotic bulb handling and sorting to reduce labour inputs. The transformation of narcissus bulb production seen in the UK in recent decades has demonstrated
110 G.R. Hanks that, with enterprise, much can be achieved, even in the face of sometimes adverse economic circumstances. The future needs for growing narcissus bulbs for pharmaceutical and other processing purposes are uncertain. In 1995, predictions of a vast expansion of the UK narcissus area in order to produce bulbs for galanthamine extraction caused a stir in the industry (Anon., 1995; Long, 1996). At present there may be options both for the extraction of galanthamine from bulbs, and for utilising new developments in the synthesis of the compound. But the array of alkaloids present in narcissus, and the wide range of potential uses which they have, suggests there will be a need for growing narcissus bulbs as an industrial crop for many years to come. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank the many colleagues, cited as ‘personal communications’, who helpfully provided information on particular aspects of narcissus production. I am grateful to Jim Briggs for his constructive comments on the text. Much of the UK research cited was funded by the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food. I also thank the Horticultural Development Council for permission to quote from a number of their projects. REFERENCES Aartrijk, J. van (1990) Naar een duurzame teelt. 2. Nieuwe technieken zullen middelengebruik terugdringen. Bloembollencultuur, 101 (23), 32–33, 35. Aartrijk, J. van (1997) Prospects for the control of bulb pests and diseases in a world concerned with protecting the environment. Acta Horticulturae, 430, 577–585. Abiss, H.W. and Craze, S.P. (1948) Climate and storage influence on daffodil flowering. Daffodil and Tulip Yearbook, 14, 29–40. ADAS (1963) Narcissus Variety Trials. First Report. 1955–63. Rosewarne Experimental Horticulture Station Leaflet 3. ADAS (1967) Narcissus Variety Trials. Second Report. 1964–67. Rosewarne Experimental Horticulture Station. ADAS (1970) Narcissus in SW England. Rosewarne Experimental Horticulture Station Leaflet 4 (2nd edition). ADAS (1971) Narcissus Variety Trials. Third Report. 1968–1971. Rosewarne Experimental Horticulture Station. ADAS (1972) Kirton Experimental Horticulture Station Annual Report 1969, Part 1, Bulbs. ADAS (1973) Kirton Experimental Horticulture Station Annual Report 1972, Part 1, Bulbs. ADAS (1974) Kirton Experimental Horticulture Station Annual Report 1973, Part 1, Bulbs. ADAS (1976) Kirton Experimental Horticulture Station Annual Report 1974, Part 1, Bulbs. ADAS (1978) Narcissus – the Way Ahead to Clean Stocks. Awareness Leaflet Hort. 1. MAFF (Publications), Pinner. ADAS (1982a) Bulbs summary reports. Rosewarne and Isles of Scilly Experimental Horticulture Stations Annual Review 1981, 29–32. ADAS (1982b) Daffodil Varieties. Reference book 350. HMSO, London. ADAS (1982c) Research and Development Reports. Agriculture Service. Bulbs and Allied Flower Crops 1981. Reference Book 232 (81). MAFF, London.
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Narcissus and Daffodil
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Narcissus and Daffodil The genus Na
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Contents Preface to the series vii
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Preface to the series There is incr
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Preface My interest in flower-bulb
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Acknowledgements I would like to th
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Gordon R. Hanks Crop and Weed Scien
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Figures 1.1 The effect of bulb stor
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Figures/Plates xvii 7.8 Accumulatio
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Figures/Plates of different segment
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2 G.R. Hanks Information about the
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4 G.R. Hanks (1999), and the polysa
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3 2 4 1 1 3 2 4 5 Flowering in 1976
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8 G.R. Hanks Figure 1.6 Diagrammati
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10 G.R. Hanks (Rees, 1969). When fl
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12 G.R. Hanks Figure 1.8 The relati
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14 G.R. Hanks root system of commer
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16 G.R. Hanks Cremer, M.C., Beijer,
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18 G.R. Hanks Roh, S.M. and Lee, J.
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20 A.C. Dweck Figure 2.1 The narcis
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22 A.C. Dweck Julians Hertfordshire
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24 A.C. Dweck Herefordshire, if daf
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26 A.C. Dweck the basis of an ancie
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28 A.C. Dweck Britten, J. and Holla
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3 Classification of the genus Narci
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(1) (2) (3)
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34 B. Mathew d. Section Jonquillae
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36 B. Mathew N. cyclamineus DC. Flo
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38 B. Mathew 1c. Section Ganymedes
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40 B. Mathew umbel, fragrant; peria
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42 B. Mathew recognition whatsoever
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44 B. Mathew Note: N. elegans shows
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46 B. Mathew ssp. praecox Gatt. and
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(1) (2) (3) (4)
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50 B. Mathew Table 3.1 Horticultura
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52 B. Mathew RHS (1958) The Classif
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54 G.R. Hanks grown for galanthamin
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56 G.R. Hanks such as drying stores
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Page 129: 108 G.R. Hanks In practice, moulds
Page 133 and 134: 112 G.R. Hanks Balatková, V., Tupy
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Page 137 and 138: 116 G.R. Hanks Flint, G.J. (1983) E
Page 139 and 140: 118 G.R. Hanks Hanks, G.R. and Rees
Page 141 and 142: 120 G.R. Hanks Khatib, K. al (1996)
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Page 149 and 150: 128 G.R. Hanks Thompson, P.A. (1977
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Page 153 and 154: 132 J.B. Briggs Table 5.1 Typical g
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Page 173 and 174: Table 6.2 Continued Species* Alkalo
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Table 6.2 Continued Species* Alkalo
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162 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat Tab
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164 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat Fig
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Table 6.3 Continued Alkaloid* Formu
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Table 6.3 Continued Alkaloid* Formu
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176 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat Tab
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178 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat Cri
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180 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat It
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184 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat is
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186 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat and
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Table 6.4 Continued Alkaloid Activi
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196 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat tac
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198 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat Ang
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200 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat Boi
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202 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat lyc
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204 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat Fug
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206 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat Han
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208 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat Kin
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210 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat of
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212 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat Sp
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214 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat Wil
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216 C. Codina and, consequently, hi
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218 C. Codina easily lost on transf
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220 C. Codina they might be more su
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222 C. Codina µ g/g FW µ g/g FW 3
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224 C. Codina Kinetin As observed i
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226 C. Codina Table 7.3 Total produ
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228 C. Codina Accumulation of alkal
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230 C. Codina Accumulation of alkal
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232 C. Codina Effect on growth and
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234 C. Codina mg/g DW mg/g DW 0.90
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236 C. Codina mg/g DW mg/g DW 1.4 1
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238 C. Codina mg/g DW mg/g DW 1.5 1
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240 C. Codina Hanks, G.R. and Jones
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8 Narcissus and other Amaryllidacea
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244 O.A. Cherkasov and O.N. Tolkach
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9 Studies on galanthamine extractio
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258 M. Kreh Table 9.1 Results of ga
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260 M. Kreh relation to the qualita
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262 M. Kreh Figure 9.3 Galanthamine
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264 M. Kreh 2.0 flower 2 1 3 4 0 10
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266 M. Kreh • High purity of the
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268 M. Kreh fraction of Narcissus
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H O MeO O MeO H H HO H (1) (3) + 2
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272 M. Kreh Gorinova, N.I., Atanass
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274 R.M. Moraes (Katz and Taneck, 1
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276 R.M. Moraes bulbs of many Narci
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278 R.M. Moraes Galanthamine conten
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280 R.M. Moraes Table 10.2 The effe
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282 R.M. Moraes years, a yield of 1
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284 R.M. Moraes Kosley, R.W., Jr.,
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11 Extraction and quantitative anal
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288 N.P.D. Nanayakkara and J.K. Bas
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Table 11.1 GC and HPLC procedures f
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Table 11.1 Continued References Det
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12 Synthesis of galanthamine and re
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306 V.N. Bulavka and O.N. Tolkachev
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13 Compounds from the genus Narciss
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334 D. Brown with neostigmine the a
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336 D. Brown Absorption Galanthamin
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338 D. Brown Metabolism and excreti
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340 D. Brown were internationally i
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342 D. Brown cortex and hippocampus
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344 D. Brown reasoned that the effi
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346 D. Brown Galanthamine causes br
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348 D. Brown (1994) go on to mentio
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350 D. Brown (Punto Toro and Rift V
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352 D. Brown Furusawa, E., Lum, M.K
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354 D. Brown Snorrason, E. and Stef
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356 D. Brown examination of a brain
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358 D. Brown A successful cholinerg
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Table 14.2 Summary of human trials
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362 D. Brown statistically signific
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364 D. Brown ( Jann, 1998); see Tab
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366 D. Brown REFERENCES Bartus, B.T
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368 D. Brown Wilcock, G.K., Scott,
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370 K. Ingkaninan, H. Irth and R. V
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16 Narcissus lectins Els J.M. Van D
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382 E.J.M. Van Damme and W.J. Peuma
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17 Narcissus in perfumery HISTORY C
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394 C. Remy Figure 17.2 Flower coll
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Figure 17.3 Narcissus flowers sprea
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398 C. Remy CONCLUSION The use of n
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400 C.G. Julian and P.W. Bowers Fig
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406 C.G. Julian and P.W. Bowers sym
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19 Review of pharmaceutical patents
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410 J.R. Murray to certain RNA viru
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412 J.R. Murray occurs in a two-pha
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414 J.R. Murray cognitive function
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416 J.R. Murray given at a time bet
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418 J.R. Murray Hofmannor, D., Mosc
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420 Index Backache, 403 Bacterial d
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422 Index Divisions (classification
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424 Index Leaf numbers, 11 Leaf sco
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426 Index Poet’s cultivars, 34 Po
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428 Index Subgenus (taxonomy); Ajax
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