Agronomic factors <strong>and</strong> galanthamine production 283 Bastos, J.K., Xu, L., Nanayakkara, N.P.D., Bur<strong>and</strong>t, C.L., Jr., Moraes-Cerdeira, R.M. <strong>and</strong> McChesney, J.D. (1996) A rapid quantitative method for the analysis of galanthamine <strong>and</strong> other Amaryllidaceae alkaloids by capillary column gas chromatography. Journal of Natural Products, 59, 638–640. Bores, G.M. <strong>and</strong> Kosley, R.W., Jr. (1996) Galanthamine derivatives for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. Drugs of the Future, 21, 621–635. Burnett, R. J., Maldonado-Mendoza, I.E., McKnight, T.D. <strong>and</strong> Nessler, C.L. (1993) Expression of a 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutayl coenzyme A reductase gene from Campotheca acuminata is differentially regulated by wounding <strong>and</strong> methyl jasmonate. Plant Physiology, 103, 41–48. Cutler, N.R., Sramek, J.J. <strong>and</strong> Veroff, A.E. (1994) Alzheimer’s disease: The problem <strong>and</strong> the search for solutions. In: N.R. Cutler, J.J. Sramek <strong>and</strong> A.E. Veroff (eds.), Alzheimer’s Disease Optimising Drug Development Strategy, John Wiley <strong>and</strong> Sons, Chichester, pp. 2–9. Czollner, L., Frantsits, W., Küenburg, B., Hedenig, V., Fröhlich, J. <strong>and</strong> Jordis, V. (1998) New kilogram synthesis of the anti-Alzheimer drug (–)-galanthamine. Tetrahedron Letters, 39, 2087–2088. Dal-Bianco, P., Maly, J., Wober, C., Lind, C., Koch, G., Hufgard, J., Marschall, I., Mraz, M. <strong>and</strong> Deecke, L. (1991) Galanthamine treatment in Alzheimer’s disease. Journal of Neural Transmission, 33, 59–63. Davis, B. (1987) Method of Treating Alzheimer’s Disease. Patent no. US 4663318. Davis, B. (1996) Method for Alleviating Jet Lag. Patent no. US 55855375. Eichhorn, J., Takado, T., Kita, Y. <strong>and</strong> Zenk, M.H. (1998) Biosynthesis of the Amaryllidaceae alkaloid galanthamine. Phytochemistry, 49, 1037–1047. Evidente, A., Arrigoni, O., Liso, R., Calabrese, G. <strong>and</strong> R<strong>and</strong>azzo, G. (1986) Further experiments on structure activity relationships among the lycorine alkaloids. Phytochemistry, 25, 2739–2743. Fenlon, J.S., Jones, S.K., Hanks, G.R., <strong>and</strong> Langton, F.A. (1990) Bulb yields from <strong>Narcissus</strong> chipping <strong>and</strong> twin scaling. Journal of Horticultural Science, 65, 441–450. Flint, G.J. <strong>and</strong> Alderson, P.G. (1986) <strong>Narcissus</strong> propagation by chipping: effect of a range of plant growth regulators on bulbil yield <strong>and</strong> length. Acta Horticulturae, 177, 315–322. Furusawa, E., Furusawa, S., Lee, J.Y.B. <strong>and</strong> Patanavanich, S. (1978) Therapeutic activity of pretazettine on Rauscher leukemia: Comparison with the related Amaryllidaceae alkaloids. Chemotherapy, 24, 259–266. Gabrielsen, B., Monath, T.P., Huggins, J.W., Kaefauver, D.F., Pettit, G.R., Groszek, G., Hollingshead, M., Kirsi, J.H. <strong>and</strong> Shannon, W.M. (1992) Antiviral (RNA) activity of selected Amaryllidaceae isoquinoline constituents <strong>and</strong> synthesis. Journal of Natural Products, 55, 1569–1581. Hanks, G.R. (1989) Chipping <strong>and</strong> the role it plays. Grower, 111 (6) (SHE supplement), 18–20. Hanks, G.R. (1993) <strong>Narcissus</strong>. In: A.A. De Hertogh <strong>and</strong> M. le Nard (eds.), The Physiology of Flower Bulbs, Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 463–558. Hanks, G. R. <strong>and</strong> Rees, A.R. (1979) Twin-scale propagation of narcissus: a review. Scientia Horticulturae, 10, 1–14. Han, S.Y., Sweeney, J.E., Bachman, E.S., Schweiger, E.J., Forloni, G., Coyle, J.T., Davis, B.M. <strong>and</strong> Joullie, M.M. (1992) Chemical <strong>and</strong> pharmacological characterisation of galanthamine, an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, <strong>and</strong> its derivatives. A potential application in Alzheimer’s disease. European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 27, 673–687. Ieven, M., van den Berghe, D.A. <strong>and</strong> Vlietinck, A.J. (1983) Plant antiviral agents IV. Influences of lycorine on growth pattern of three animal viruses. Planta Medica, 49, 109–114. Jimenez, A., Santos, A., Alonso, G. <strong>and</strong> Vasquez, D. (1976) Inhibitors of protein synthesis in eukaryotic cells. Comparative effects of some Amaryllidaceae alkaloids. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 425, 342–348. Katz, R. <strong>and</strong> Taneck, N.J. (1993) Method of Treating Physiologic Male Erectile Impotence. Patent no. US 577070.
284 R.M. Moraes Kosley, R.W., Jr., Davis, L. <strong>and</strong> Taberna, V. (1998) Galanthamine Derivatives as Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors. Patent no. US 5777108. Langton, F.A. <strong>and</strong> Hanks, G.R. (1993) Propagation. In: F.A. Langton <strong>and</strong> G.R. Hanks (eds.), Review of <strong>Narcissus</strong> R&D, HRI Bulb Group, Wellesbourne, pp. 1–12. Likhiywitayawuid, K., Angerhofer, C.K., Chal, H., Pezzuto, J.M. <strong>and</strong> Cordell, G.A. (1993) Cytotoxic <strong>and</strong> antimalarial alkaloids from the bulbs of Crinum amabilie. Journal of Natural Products, 56, 1331–1338. Linfield, C.A. (1993) Pathology. In: F.A. Langton <strong>and</strong> G.R. Hanks (eds.), Review of <strong>Narcissus</strong> R&D, HRI Bulb Group, Wellesbourne, pp. 23–31. Lopez-Meyer, M. <strong>and</strong> Nessler, C.L. (1997) Tryptophan decarboxylase is encoded by two autonomously regulated genes in Camptotheca acuminata which are differentially expressed during development <strong>and</strong> stress. Plant Journal for Cell <strong>and</strong> Molecular Biology, 11, 1167–1175. Lopez-Meyer, M., Nessler, C.L. <strong>and</strong> McKnight, T.D. (1994) Sites of accumulation of the antitumor alkaloid camptothecin in Camptotheca acuminata. Planta Medica, 60, 558–560. McKnight, T.D., Bergey, D.R., Burnett, R.J. <strong>and</strong> Nessler, C.L. (1991) Expression of enzymatically active <strong>and</strong> correctly targeted strictisidine synthase in trangenic tobacco plants. Planta, 158, 148–152. Moormann, J. <strong>and</strong> Werner, D.E. (1997) Pharmaceutical Formulations for the Treatment of Nicotine Dependence. Patent no. US 5643905. Moraes-Cerdeira, R.M., Bastos, J.K., Bur<strong>and</strong>t, C.L., Jr., Nanayakkara, N.P.D., Mikell, J. <strong>and</strong> McChesney, J.D. (1997a) Alkaloid content of different bulb parts of <strong>Narcissus</strong> cv. Ice Follies. Planta Medica, 63, 92–93. Moraes-Cerdeira, R. M., Bur<strong>and</strong>t, C.L., Jr., Bastos, J.K., Nanayakkara, N.P.D., Mikell, J., Thurn, J. <strong>and</strong> McChesney, J.D. (1997b) Evaluation of four <strong>Narcissus</strong> cultivars as potential sources for galanthamine production. Planta Medica, 63, 472–474. Mucke, H.A.M. (1997) Preclinical studies with galanthamine. Drugs of Today, 33, 259–264. Opitz, K. (1996) Pharmaceutics Formulation for the Treatment of Alcoholism. Patent no. US 5519017. Palevitch, D. (1991) Agronomy applied to medicinal plant conservation. In: O. Akerele, V. Heywood <strong>and</strong> H. Synge (eds.), The Conservation of Medicinal Plants, Cambridge University Press, New York, pp. 167–178. Pettit, G.R., Cragg, G.M., Singh, S.B., Duke, J.A. <strong>and</strong> Doubek, D.L. (1990) Antineoplastic agents, 162. Zephyranthes c<strong>and</strong>ida. Journal of Natural Products, 53, 176. Poulev, A., Neumann, B.D. <strong>and</strong> Zenk, M.H. (1993) Enzyme immunoassay for quantitative determination of galanthamine. Planta Medica, 59, 442–446. Rees, A. R. (1969) The initiation <strong>and</strong> growth of <strong>Narcissus</strong> bulbs. Annals of Botany, 33, 277–288. Rees, A. R. (1992) Bulb, corm <strong>and</strong> tuber production. In: A.R. Rees, Ornamental Bulbs, Corms <strong>and</strong> Tubers, C.A.B. International, Wallingford, pp. 112–138. Rees, A.R., Wallis, L.W. <strong>and</strong> Tompsett, A.A. (1973) The effects of planting density, plant arrangement <strong>and</strong> frequency of lifting on flower <strong>and</strong> bulb production of <strong>Narcissus</strong> in S.W. Engl<strong>and</strong>. Journal of Horticultural Science, 48, 59–73. Schuh, F.T. (1976) Molecular mechanism of action of galanthamine, a curare antagonist. Anaesthesist, 25, 444–448. Shieh, W.C. <strong>and</strong> Carlson, J.A. (1994) Asymmetric transformation of either enantiomer of narwedine via total spontaneous resolution process, a concise solution to the synthesis of galanthamine. Journal of Organic Chemistry, 59, 6463–6465. Snorrason, E. (1994) Treatment of Fatigue Syndrome. Patent no. US 5312817. Snorrason, E. (1996) Antidotes for Sedatives, Hypnotics or Respiratory Depressant Benzodiazepines for Anxiolytic, Antipsychotic, Anticonvulsant <strong>and</strong> Muscle Relaxants. Patent no. US 5586475. Squires, W.M. <strong>and</strong> Langton, F.A. (1990) Potential <strong>and</strong> limitation of <strong>Narcissus</strong> micropropagation: an experimental evaluation. Acta Horticulturae, 266, 67–73.
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Narcissus and Daffodil
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Narcissus and Daffodil The genus Na
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Contents Preface to the series vii
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Preface to the series There is incr
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Preface My interest in flower-bulb
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Acknowledgements I would like to th
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Gordon R. Hanks Crop and Weed Scien
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Figures 1.1 The effect of bulb stor
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Figures/Plates xvii 7.8 Accumulatio
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Figures/Plates of different segment
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2 G.R. Hanks Information about the
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4 G.R. Hanks (1999), and the polysa
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3 2 4 1 1 3 2 4 5 Flowering in 1976
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8 G.R. Hanks Figure 1.6 Diagrammati
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10 G.R. Hanks (Rees, 1969). When fl
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12 G.R. Hanks Figure 1.8 The relati
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14 G.R. Hanks root system of commer
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16 G.R. Hanks Cremer, M.C., Beijer,
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18 G.R. Hanks Roh, S.M. and Lee, J.
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20 A.C. Dweck Figure 2.1 The narcis
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22 A.C. Dweck Julians Hertfordshire
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24 A.C. Dweck Herefordshire, if daf
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26 A.C. Dweck the basis of an ancie
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28 A.C. Dweck Britten, J. and Holla
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3 Classification of the genus Narci
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(1) (2) (3)
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34 B. Mathew d. Section Jonquillae
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36 B. Mathew N. cyclamineus DC. Flo
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38 B. Mathew 1c. Section Ganymedes
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40 B. Mathew umbel, fragrant; peria
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42 B. Mathew recognition whatsoever
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44 B. Mathew Note: N. elegans shows
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46 B. Mathew ssp. praecox Gatt. and
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(1) (2) (3) (4)
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50 B. Mathew Table 3.1 Horticultura
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52 B. Mathew RHS (1958) The Classif
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54 G.R. Hanks grown for galanthamin
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56 G.R. Hanks such as drying stores
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Table 4.4 Areas of Narcissus cultiv
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60 G.R. Hanks Following planting in
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62 G.R. Hanks lost, resulting in th
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64 G.R. Hanks pathogen-tested nucle
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Figure 4.1 Mean monthly weather dat
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68 G.R. Hanks (as well as natural e
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70 G.R. Hanks compaction and its ef
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72 G.R. Hanks bulbs with base rot)
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74 G.R. Hanks Figure 4.3 Modern fro
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76 G.R. Hanks caution. Higher rates
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78 G.R. Hanks can also be prevented
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80 G.R. Hanks Figure 4.4 A typical
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82 G.R. Hanks Planting date The pra
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84 G.R. Hanks Hanks and Jones, 1986
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86 G.R. Hanks On sloping sites, gro
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88 G.R. Hanks Insecticide and nemat
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90 G.R. Hanks bulb growth, especial
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92 G.R. Hanks Figure 4.7 Changes in
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94 G.R. Hanks methods have been tes
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96 G.R. Hanks the boxes, exiting at
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98 G.R. Hanks usually collected in
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100 G.R. Hanks respond to ethylene
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102 G.R. Hanks using thiabendazole
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104 G.R. Hanks required for the eff
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106 G.R. Hanks and cross-cutting, s
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108 G.R. Hanks In practice, moulds
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110 G.R. Hanks that, with enterpris
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112 G.R. Hanks Balatková, V., Tupy
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114 G.R. Hanks (Narcissus pseudonar
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116 G.R. Hanks Flint, G.J. (1983) E
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118 G.R. Hanks Hanks, G.R. and Rees
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120 G.R. Hanks Khatib, K. al (1996)
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122 G.R. Hanks Luyten, I. (1935) Ve
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124 G.R. Hanks O’Neill, T.M., Man
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126 G.R. Hanks Ruamrungsri, S., Rua
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128 G.R. Hanks Thompson, P.A. (1977
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130 G.R. Hanks Williams, M. (1996)
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132 J.B. Briggs Table 5.1 Typical g
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134 J.B. Briggs Table 5.3 Actual gr
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136 J.B. Briggs Table 5.4 Actual co
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138 J.B. Briggs Table 5.5 Capital c
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140 J.B. Briggs ADAS (1987a) Narcis
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142 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat Fig
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Table 6.1 Narcissus alkaloid struct
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Table 6.1b Continued Alkaloid name
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Table 6.1d Tazettine type O O R1 R2
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Table 6.1f Continued MeO Alkaloid n
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Table 6.2 Continued Species* Alkalo
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Table 6.2 Continued Species* Alkalo
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Table 6.2 Continued Species* Alkalo
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Table 6.2 Continued Species* Alkalo
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Table 6.2 Continued Species* Alkalo
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162 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat Tab
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164 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat Fig
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166 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat Fig
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168 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat Fig
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170 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat Fig
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Table 6.3 Continued Alkaloid* Formu
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Table 6.3 Continued Alkaloid* Formu
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176 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat Tab
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178 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat Cri
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180 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat It
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182 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat Fig
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184 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat is
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186 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat and
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Table 6.4 Continued Alkaloid Activi
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Table 6.4 Continued Alkaloid Activi
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Table 6.4 Continued Alkaloid Activi
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Table 6.4 Continued Alkaloid Activi
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196 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat tac
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198 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat Ang
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200 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat Boi
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202 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat lyc
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204 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat Fug
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206 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat Han
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208 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat Kin
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210 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat of
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212 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat Sp
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214 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat Wil
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216 C. Codina and, consequently, hi
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218 C. Codina easily lost on transf
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220 C. Codina they might be more su
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222 C. Codina µ g/g FW µ g/g FW 3
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224 C. Codina Kinetin As observed i
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226 C. Codina Table 7.3 Total produ
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228 C. Codina Accumulation of alkal
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230 C. Codina Accumulation of alkal
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- Page 265 and 266: 244 O.A. Cherkasov and O.N. Tolkach
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- Page 277 and 278: 9 Studies on galanthamine extractio
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334 D. Brown with neostigmine the a
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336 D. Brown Absorption Galanthamin
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338 D. Brown Metabolism and excreti
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340 D. Brown were internationally i
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342 D. Brown cortex and hippocampus
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344 D. Brown reasoned that the effi
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346 D. Brown Galanthamine causes br
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348 D. Brown (1994) go on to mentio
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350 D. Brown (Punto Toro and Rift V
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352 D. Brown Furusawa, E., Lum, M.K
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354 D. Brown Snorrason, E. and Stef
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356 D. Brown examination of a brain
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358 D. Brown A successful cholinerg
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Table 14.2 Summary of human trials
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362 D. Brown statistically signific
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364 D. Brown ( Jann, 1998); see Tab
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366 D. Brown REFERENCES Bartus, B.T
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368 D. Brown Wilcock, G.K., Scott,
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370 K. Ingkaninan, H. Irth and R. V
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372 K. Ingkaninan, H. Irth and R. V
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374 K. Ingkaninan, H. Irth and R. V
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376 K. Ingkaninan, H. Irth and R. V
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378 K. Ingkaninan, H. Irth and R. V
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16 Narcissus lectins Els J.M. Van D
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382 E.J.M. Van Damme and W.J. Peuma
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384 E.J.M. Van Damme and W.J. Peuma
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386 E.J.M. Van Damme and W.J. Peuma
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388 E.J.M. Van Damme and W.J. Peuma
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390 E.J.M. Van Damme and W.J. Peuma
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17 Narcissus in perfumery HISTORY C
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394 C. Remy Figure 17.2 Flower coll
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Figure 17.3 Narcissus flowers sprea
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398 C. Remy CONCLUSION The use of n
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400 C.G. Julian and P.W. Bowers Fig
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402 C.G. Julian and P.W. Bowers Fig
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404 C.G. Julian and P.W. Bowers Fig
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406 C.G. Julian and P.W. Bowers sym
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19 Review of pharmaceutical patents
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410 J.R. Murray to certain RNA viru
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412 J.R. Murray occurs in a two-pha
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414 J.R. Murray cognitive function
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416 J.R. Murray given at a time bet
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418 J.R. Murray Hofmannor, D., Mosc
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420 Index Backache, 403 Bacterial d
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422 Index Divisions (classification
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424 Index Leaf numbers, 11 Leaf sco
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426 Index Poet’s cultivars, 34 Po
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428 Index Subgenus (taxonomy); Ajax