Narcissus and Daffodil

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REFERENCES Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors 377 Ashour, M.A., Gee, S.J. and Hammock, B.D. (1987) Use of a 96-well microplate reader to measure routine enzyme activities. Analytical Chemistry, 166, 353–360. Baraka, A. and Cozanitis, D. (1973) Galanthamine versus neostigmine for reversal of nondepolarizing neuromuscular block in man. Anesthesia and Analgesia, 52, 832–836. Barton, D.H.R. and Kirby, G.W. (1960) The synthesis of galanthamine. Proceeding of the Chemical Society, 392–393. Bastida, J., Viladomat, F., Llabrés, J.M., Quiroga, S., Codina, C. and Rubiralta, M. (1990) Narcissus nivalis: A new source of galanthamine. Planta Medica, 56, 123–124. Bastos, J.K., Xu, L., Nanayakkara, N.P.D., Burandt, C.L., Moraes-Cerdeira, R.M. and McChesney, J.D. (1996) A rapid quantitative method for the analysis of galanthamine and other Amaryllidaceae alkaloids by capillary column gas chromatography. Journal of Natural Products, 59, 638–640. Berman, H.A. and Leonard, K. (1990) Ligand exclusion of acetylcholinesterase. Biochemistry, 29, 10640–10649. Bunyan, P.J. (1964) The detection of organo-phosphorus pesticides on thin-layer chromatograms. Analyst, 89, 615–618. Cozanitis, D.A. (1971) Experiences with galanthamine hydrobromide as curare antagonist. Anaesthesist, 20, 226–229. Cozanitis, D.A. and Rosenberg, P. (1974) Preliminary experiments with galanthamine hydrobromide on depressed respiration. Anaesthesist, 23, 302–305. Czollner, L., Fröhlich, J., Jordis, U. and Küenberg, B. (1996) Process for producing derivatives of 4a,5,9,10,11,12-hexahydro-6H-benzofuro-(3a,3,2-ef)-benzazepines. Austrian Patent No. 401,058B. Ellman, G.L., Courtney, K.D., Andres, V., Jr. and Featherstone, R.M. (1961) A new and rapid colorimetric determination of acetylcholinesterase activity. Biochemical Pharmacology, 7, 88–95. Gabrielsen, B., Monath, T.P., Huggins, J.W., Kefauver, D.F., Pettit, G.R., Groszek, G., Hollingshead, M., Kirsi, J.J., Shannon, W.M., Schubert, E.M., Dare, J., Ugarkar, B., Ussery, M.A. and Phelan, M.J. (1992) Antiviral (RNA) activity of selected Amaryllidaceae isoquinoline constituents and synthesis of related substances. Journal of Natural Products, 55, 1569–1581. Ghosal, S., Singh, S.K., Kumar, Y., Unnikrishnan, S. and Chattopadhyay, S. (1988) The role of ungeremine in the growth-inhibiting and cytotoxic effects of lycorine: evidence and speculation. Planta Medica, 54, 114–116. Guilarte, T.R., Burns, H.D., Dannal, R.F. and Wagner, H.N. (1983) A simple radiometric in vitro assay for acetylcholinesterase inhibitors. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 72, 90–92. Harvey, A.L. (1995) The pharmacology of galanthamine and its analogues. Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 68, 113–128. Ingkaninan, K., Best, C.M., Irth, H., van der Heijden, R., Hofte, A.J.P., Karabatak, B., Tjaden, U.R., van der Greef, J. and Verpoorte, R. (2000a) High-performance liquid chromatography with on-line coupled UV, mass spectrometric and biochemical detection for identification of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors from natural products. Journal of Chromatography A, 376, 61–73. Ingkaninan, K., Hazekamp, A., de Best, C.M., Irth, H., Tjaden, U.R., van der Heijden, R., van der Greef, J. and Verpoorte, R. (2000b) The application of HPLC with on-line coupled UV-MS-biochemical detection for an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor from Narcissus ‘Sir Winston Churchill’. Journal of Natural Products, 63, 803–806. Irth, H., Oosterkamp, A.J., Tjaden, U.R. and van der Greef, J. (1995) Strategies for on-line coupling of immunoassays to high-performance liquid chromatography. Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 14, 355–361.
378 K. Ingkaninan, H. Irth and R. Verpoorte Irwin, H.L. and Smith, H.J. (1960) Cholinesterase inhibition by galanthamine and lycoramine. Biochemical Pharmacology, 3, 147–148. Jimenez, A., Santos, A., Alonso, G. and Vazquez, D. (1976) Inhibitors of protein synthesis in eukaryotic cells. Comparative effects of some Amaryllidaceae alkaloids. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 425, 342–348. Johnson, C.D. and Russell, R.L. (1975) Rapid simple radiometric assay for cholinesterase, suitable for multiple determinations. Analytical Biochemistry, 64, 229–238. Kiely, J.S., Moos, W.H., Pavia, M.R., Schwarz, R.D. and Woodard, G.L. (1991) A silica gel plate-based qualitative assay for acetylcholinesterase activity: a mass method to screen for potential inhibitors. Analytical Biochemistry, 196, 439–442. Kim, S.R., Hwang, S.Y., Jang, Y.P., Park, M.J., Markelonis, G.J., Oh, T.H. and Kim, Y.C. (1999) Protopine from Corydalis ternata has anticholinesterase and antiamnesic activities. Planta Medica, 65, 218–221. Kreh, M., Matusch, R. and Witte, L. (1995) Capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry of Amaryllidaceae alkaloids. Phytochemistry, 38, 773–776. Krivoi, I.I. (1988) Quantitative estimation of synaptic acetylcholinesterase inhibition with galanthamine using parameters of miniature endplate currents. Biulleten Eksperimentalnoi Biologii Meditsiny, 105, 665–667. Lewis, J.R. (1996) Amaryllidaceae and Sceletium alkaloids. Natural Products Report, 13, 171–176. Likhitwitayawuid, K., Angerhofer, C.K., Chai, H., Pezzuto, J.M., Cordell, G.A. and Ruangrungsi, N. (1993) Cytotoxic and antimalarial alkaloids from the bulbs of Crinum amabile. Journal of Natural Products, 56, 1331–1338. Mashkovskii, M.D. (1955) Effects of galanthamine on the acetylcholine sensitivity of skeletal musculature. Farmakologii i Toksikologiia, 18, 21–27 (Chemical Abstracts, 50, 9626). Menger, F.M. and Johnston, D.E., Jr. (1991) Specific enzyme-induced decapsulation. Journal of American Chemical Society, 113, 5467–5468. Menn, J.J. and McBain, J.B. (1966) Detection of cholinesterase-inhibiting insecticide chemicals and pharmaceutical alkaloids on thin-layer chromatograms. Nature, 209, 1351–1352. Mucke, H.A.M. (1997a) Principles of therapeutics of galanthamine. Drugs of Today, 33, 251–257. Mucke, H.A.M. (1997b) Preclinical studies with galanthamine. Drugs of Today, 33, 259–264. Normatov, M., Abduazimov, Kh.A. and Yunusov, S.Y. (1965) Alkaloids of Ungernia minor. Structure of ungminorine and ungeremine. Uzbekskii Khimicheski Zhurnal, 9, 25–30 (Chemical Abstracts, 63, 7061). Park, C.H., Kim, S.H., Choi, W., Lee, Y.J., Kim, J.S., Kang, S.S. and Suh, Y.H. (1996) Novel anticholinesterase and antiamnesic activities of dehydroevodiamine, a constituent of Evodia rutaecarpa. Planta Medica, 62, 405–409. Parvari, R., Pecht, I. and Soreq, H. (1983) A microplate assay for cholinesterase, suitable for multiple kinetic determination of picomoles of released thiocholine. Analytical Biochemistry, 133, 450–456. Pasini, P., Musiani, M., Russo, C., Valenti, P., Aicardi, G., Crabtree, J.E., Baraldini, M. and Roda, A. (1998) Chemiluminescence imaging in bioanalysis. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, 18, 555–564. Paskov, D.S. (1986) Galanthamine. In: D.A. Kharkevich (ed.), New Neuromuscular Blocking Agent, Vol. 79, Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp. 653–672. Perry, E.K. (1986) The cholinergic hypothesis – ten years on. British Medical Bulletin, 42, 63–69. Pettit, G.R., Cragg, G.M., Singh, S.B., Duke, J.A. and Doubek, D.L. (1990) Antineoplastic agents, 162. Zephyranthes candida. Journal of Natural Product, 53, 176–178. Pettit, G.R., Pettit III, G.R., Backhaus, R.A., Boyd, M.R. and Meerow, A.W. (1993) Antineoplastic agents, 256. Cell Growth inhibitory isocarbostyrils from Hymenocallis. Journal of Natural Products, 56, 1682–1687.
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Narcissus and Daffodil
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Narcissus and Daffodil The genus Na
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Contents Preface to the series vii
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Preface to the series There is incr
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Preface My interest in flower-bulb
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Acknowledgements I would like to th
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Gordon R. Hanks Crop and Weed Scien
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Figures 1.1 The effect of bulb stor
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Figures/Plates xvii 7.8 Accumulatio
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Figures/Plates of different segment
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2 G.R. Hanks Information about the
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4 G.R. Hanks (1999), and the polysa
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3 2 4 1 1 3 2 4 5 Flowering in 1976
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8 G.R. Hanks Figure 1.6 Diagrammati
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10 G.R. Hanks (Rees, 1969). When fl
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12 G.R. Hanks Figure 1.8 The relati
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14 G.R. Hanks root system of commer
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16 G.R. Hanks Cremer, M.C., Beijer,
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18 G.R. Hanks Roh, S.M. and Lee, J.
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20 A.C. Dweck Figure 2.1 The narcis
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22 A.C. Dweck Julians Hertfordshire
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24 A.C. Dweck Herefordshire, if daf
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26 A.C. Dweck the basis of an ancie
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28 A.C. Dweck Britten, J. and Holla
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3 Classification of the genus Narci
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(1) (2) (3)
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34 B. Mathew d. Section Jonquillae
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36 B. Mathew N. cyclamineus DC. Flo
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38 B. Mathew 1c. Section Ganymedes
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40 B. Mathew umbel, fragrant; peria
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42 B. Mathew recognition whatsoever
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44 B. Mathew Note: N. elegans shows
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46 B. Mathew ssp. praecox Gatt. and
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(1) (2) (3) (4)
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50 B. Mathew Table 3.1 Horticultura
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52 B. Mathew RHS (1958) The Classif
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54 G.R. Hanks grown for galanthamin
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56 G.R. Hanks such as drying stores
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Table 4.4 Areas of Narcissus cultiv
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60 G.R. Hanks Following planting in
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62 G.R. Hanks lost, resulting in th
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64 G.R. Hanks pathogen-tested nucle
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Figure 4.1 Mean monthly weather dat
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68 G.R. Hanks (as well as natural e
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70 G.R. Hanks compaction and its ef
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72 G.R. Hanks bulbs with base rot)
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74 G.R. Hanks Figure 4.3 Modern fro
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76 G.R. Hanks caution. Higher rates
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78 G.R. Hanks can also be prevented
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80 G.R. Hanks Figure 4.4 A typical
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82 G.R. Hanks Planting date The pra
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84 G.R. Hanks Hanks and Jones, 1986
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86 G.R. Hanks On sloping sites, gro
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88 G.R. Hanks Insecticide and nemat
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90 G.R. Hanks bulb growth, especial
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92 G.R. Hanks Figure 4.7 Changes in
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94 G.R. Hanks methods have been tes
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96 G.R. Hanks the boxes, exiting at
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98 G.R. Hanks usually collected in
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100 G.R. Hanks respond to ethylene
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102 G.R. Hanks using thiabendazole
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104 G.R. Hanks required for the eff
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106 G.R. Hanks and cross-cutting, s
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108 G.R. Hanks In practice, moulds
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110 G.R. Hanks that, with enterpris
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112 G.R. Hanks Balatková, V., Tupy
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114 G.R. Hanks (Narcissus pseudonar
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116 G.R. Hanks Flint, G.J. (1983) E
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118 G.R. Hanks Hanks, G.R. and Rees
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120 G.R. Hanks Khatib, K. al (1996)
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122 G.R. Hanks Luyten, I. (1935) Ve
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124 G.R. Hanks O’Neill, T.M., Man
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126 G.R. Hanks Ruamrungsri, S., Rua
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128 G.R. Hanks Thompson, P.A. (1977
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130 G.R. Hanks Williams, M. (1996)
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132 J.B. Briggs Table 5.1 Typical g
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134 J.B. Briggs Table 5.3 Actual gr
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136 J.B. Briggs Table 5.4 Actual co
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138 J.B. Briggs Table 5.5 Capital c
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140 J.B. Briggs ADAS (1987a) Narcis
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142 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat Fig
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Table 6.1 Narcissus alkaloid struct
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Table 6.1b Continued Alkaloid name
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Table 6.1d Tazettine type O O R1 R2
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Table 6.1f Continued MeO Alkaloid n
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Table 6.2 Continued Species* Alkalo
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162 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat Tab
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Table 6.3 Continued Alkaloid* Formu
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Table 6.3 Continued Alkaloid* Formu
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176 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat Tab
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178 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat Cri
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180 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat It
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184 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat is
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186 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat and
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Table 6.4 Continued Alkaloid Activi
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196 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat tac
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198 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat Ang
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200 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat Boi
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202 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat lyc
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204 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat Fug
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206 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat Han
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208 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat Kin
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210 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat of
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212 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat Sp
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214 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat Wil
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216 C. Codina and, consequently, hi
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218 C. Codina easily lost on transf
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220 C. Codina they might be more su
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222 C. Codina µ g/g FW µ g/g FW 3
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224 C. Codina Kinetin As observed i
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226 C. Codina Table 7.3 Total produ
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228 C. Codina Accumulation of alkal
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230 C. Codina Accumulation of alkal
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232 C. Codina Effect on growth and
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234 C. Codina mg/g DW mg/g DW 0.90
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236 C. Codina mg/g DW mg/g DW 1.4 1
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238 C. Codina mg/g DW mg/g DW 1.5 1
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240 C. Codina Hanks, G.R. and Jones
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8 Narcissus and other Amaryllidacea
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244 O.A. Cherkasov and O.N. Tolkach
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9 Studies on galanthamine extractio
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258 M. Kreh Table 9.1 Results of ga
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260 M. Kreh relation to the qualita
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262 M. Kreh Figure 9.3 Galanthamine
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264 M. Kreh 2.0 flower 2 1 3 4 0 10
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266 M. Kreh • High purity of the
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268 M. Kreh fraction of Narcissus
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H O MeO O MeO H H HO H (1) (3) + 2
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272 M. Kreh Gorinova, N.I., Atanass
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274 R.M. Moraes (Katz and Taneck, 1
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276 R.M. Moraes bulbs of many Narci
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278 R.M. Moraes Galanthamine conten
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280 R.M. Moraes Table 10.2 The effe
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282 R.M. Moraes years, a yield of 1
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284 R.M. Moraes Kosley, R.W., Jr.,
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11 Extraction and quantitative anal
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288 N.P.D. Nanayakkara and J.K. Bas
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Table 11.1 GC and HPLC procedures f
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Table 11.1 Continued References Det
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12 Synthesis of galanthamine and re
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306 V.N. Bulavka and O.N. Tolkachev
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Page 347 and 348: 326 V.N. Bulavka and O.N. Tolkachev
Page 353 and 354: 13 Compounds from the genus Narciss
Page 355 and 356: 334 D. Brown with neostigmine the a
Page 357 and 358: 336 D. Brown Absorption Galanthamin
Page 359 and 360: 338 D. Brown Metabolism and excreti
Page 361 and 362: 340 D. Brown were internationally i
Page 363 and 364: 342 D. Brown cortex and hippocampus
Page 365 and 366: 344 D. Brown reasoned that the effi
Page 367 and 368: 346 D. Brown Galanthamine causes br
Page 369 and 370: 348 D. Brown (1994) go on to mentio
Page 371 and 372: 350 D. Brown (Punto Toro and Rift V
Page 373 and 374: 352 D. Brown Furusawa, E., Lum, M.K
Page 375 and 376: 354 D. Brown Snorrason, E. and Stef
Page 377 and 378: 356 D. Brown examination of a brain
Page 379 and 380: 358 D. Brown A successful cholinerg
Page 381 and 382: Table 14.2 Summary of human trials
Page 383 and 384: 362 D. Brown statistically signific
Page 385 and 386: 364 D. Brown ( Jann, 1998); see Tab
Page 387 and 388: 366 D. Brown REFERENCES Bartus, B.T
Page 389 and 390: 368 D. Brown Wilcock, G.K., Scott,
Page 391 and 392: 370 K. Ingkaninan, H. Irth and R. V
Page 397: 376 K. Ingkaninan, H. Irth and R. V
Page 401 and 402: 16 Narcissus lectins Els J.M. Van D
Page 403 and 404: 382 E.J.M. Van Damme and W.J. Peuma
Page 413 and 414: 17 Narcissus in perfumery HISTORY C
Page 415 and 416: 394 C. Remy Figure 17.2 Flower coll
Page 417 and 418: Figure 17.3 Narcissus flowers sprea
Page 419 and 420: 398 C. Remy CONCLUSION The use of n
Page 421 and 422: 400 C.G. Julian and P.W. Bowers Fig
Page 427 and 428: 406 C.G. Julian and P.W. Bowers sym
Page 429 and 430: 19 Review of pharmaceutical patents
Page 431 and 432: 410 J.R. Murray to certain RNA viru
Page 433 and 434: 412 J.R. Murray occurs in a two-pha
Page 435 and 436: 414 J.R. Murray cognitive function
Page 437 and 438: 416 J.R. Murray given at a time bet
Page 439 and 440: 418 J.R. Murray Hofmannor, D., Mosc
Page 441 and 442: 420 Index Backache, 403 Bacterial d
Page 443 and 444: 422 Index Divisions (classification
Page 445 and 446: 424 Index Leaf numbers, 11 Leaf sco
Page 447 and 448: 426 Index Poet’s cultivars, 34 Po
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428 Index Subgenus (taxonomy); Ajax
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