Narcissus and Daffodil

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Time to anthesis (days) 250 200 150 100 50 0 9°C (time) 17°C (time) 9°C (length) 17°C (length) 6 9 12 15 Duration of storage (weeks) Figure 1.1 The effect of bulb storage at 9 or 17 °C for 6–15 weeks on (left axis) the time to anthesis (days in a glasshouse at 16 °C) and (right axis) stem length at anthesis for narcissus ‘Fortune’ (data from Rees and Hanks, 1984). Bulb drying Bulb storage 17 °C Cold storage 9 °C Artificial temperatures Holding temperature 0 –5 °C Glasshouse temperature 15 °C Natural temperatures Summer Autumn Winter Spring Figure 1.2 The temperature sequence during bulb forcing, compared with natural temperatures (after A.R. Rees, personal communication). 400 300 200 100 0 Stem length at anthesis (mm)
4 G.R. Hanks (1999), and the polysaccharides by Balbaa et al. (1980) and Rakhimov and Zhauynbaeva (1997). The auxins of narcissus have been studied by Edelbluth and Kaldewey (1976), gibberellins by Aung et al. (1969), cytokinins by van Staden (1978) and Belynskaya et al. (1990) and ethylene by Staby and De Hertogh (1970). Cultivars derived from the N. tazetta group are unusual in that, while still ‘summer dormant’, they have no cold requirement and growth and anthesis can occur before winter if all other conditions are favourable (although cold treatments can increase stem length and speed anthesis; Roh and Lee, 1981; Rees and Hanks, unpublished data in Hanks, 1993). Tazetta narcissus, unlike most narcissus, respond to ethylene, which promotes flowering (Imanishi, 1997). These characteristics have enabled horticulturists to exploit Tazettas for flower production over a long season. A few species – N. elegans, N. serotinus, N. viridiflorus and N. humilis – are autumnflowering and generally hysteranthous. Studies on N. tazetta and other geophytes suggest that the syanthous-hysteranthous habit is facultative, with hysteranthy tending to be expressed in xeric habitats (Evenari and Gutterman, 1985; Halevy, 1990). The autumn-flowering species have not yet been exploited horticulturally, probably because their flowers are small or insignificant, although they clearly have potential for producing new types of commercial cultivars (Koopowitz and Kaye, 1990). MORPHOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT The flowering plant Detailed reports of the morphology and development of the narcissus plant have been given by Huisman and Hartsema (1933), Chan (1952), Okada and Miwa (1958) and Rees (1969, 1972), from which the following description has largely been compiled. Bulb structure and bulb unit development The ‘dormant’ narcissus bulb in autumn consists of a more-or-less disc-shaped stem plate (base or basal plate) bearing adventitious roots below and storage organs (bulb scales) surrounding a bud above. The bulb ‘scales’ consist of true scales, which are almost entirely within the bulb and serve a purely storage function, and the bases of foliage leaves; after anthesis the base of the flower stalk becomes flattened and is also scale-like in function. Leaf bases can be distinguished from bulb scales because the former have a thicker tip and a scar where the leaf lamina became detached. In the ‘model’ case of a narcissus bulb with a single, terminal growing point (a ‘single nosed round’ bulb), a transverse section of the bulb in autumn shows a series of concentric ‘scales’ surrounding the old flower stalk base and a terminal bud (Figure 1.3). The exception to the concentric nature of the ‘scales’ is that the inner leaf, which subtends the flower, has a semi-circular base with keeled margins only partly enclosing the flower stalk. The terminal bud consists of bulb scales surrounding leaves and a flower. In addition to the terminal bud, there is also a lateral bud.
Page 2 and 3: Narcissus and Daffodil
Page 4 and 5: Narcissus and Daffodil The genus Na
Page 6 and 7: Contents Preface to the series vii
Page 8 and 9: Preface to the series There is incr
Page 10 and 11: Preface My interest in flower-bulb
Page 12 and 13: Acknowledgements I would like to th
Page 14 and 15: Gordon R. Hanks Crop and Weed Scien
Page 16 and 17: Figures 1.1 The effect of bulb stor
Page 18 and 19: Figures/Plates xvii 7.8 Accumulatio
Page 20: Figures/Plates of different segment
Page 23: 2 G.R. Hanks Information about the
Page 27 and 28: 3 2 4 1 1 3 2 4 5 Flowering in 1976
Page 29 and 30: 8 G.R. Hanks Figure 1.6 Diagrammati
Page 31 and 32: 10 G.R. Hanks (Rees, 1969). When fl
Page 33 and 34: 12 G.R. Hanks Figure 1.8 The relati
Page 35 and 36: 14 G.R. Hanks root system of commer
Page 37 and 38: 16 G.R. Hanks Cremer, M.C., Beijer,
Page 39 and 40: 18 G.R. Hanks Roh, S.M. and Lee, J.
Page 41 and 42: 20 A.C. Dweck Figure 2.1 The narcis
Page 43 and 44: 22 A.C. Dweck Julians Hertfordshire
Page 45 and 46: 24 A.C. Dweck Herefordshire, if daf
Page 47 and 48: 26 A.C. Dweck the basis of an ancie
Page 49 and 50: 28 A.C. Dweck Britten, J. and Holla
Page 51 and 52: 3 Classification of the genus Narci
Page 53 and 54: (1) (2) (3)
Page 55 and 56: 34 B. Mathew d. Section Jonquillae
Page 57 and 58: 36 B. Mathew N. cyclamineus DC. Flo
Page 59 and 60: 38 B. Mathew 1c. Section Ganymedes
Page 61 and 62: 40 B. Mathew umbel, fragrant; peria
Page 63 and 64: 42 B. Mathew recognition whatsoever
Page 65 and 66: 44 B. Mathew Note: N. elegans shows
Page 67 and 68: 46 B. Mathew ssp. praecox Gatt. and
Page 69 and 70: (1) (2) (3) (4)
Page 71 and 72: 50 B. Mathew Table 3.1 Horticultura
Page 73 and 74: 52 B. Mathew RHS (1958) The Classif
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54 G.R. Hanks grown for galanthamin
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56 G.R. Hanks such as drying stores
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Table 4.4 Areas of Narcissus cultiv
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60 G.R. Hanks Following planting in
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62 G.R. Hanks lost, resulting in th
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64 G.R. Hanks pathogen-tested nucle
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Figure 4.1 Mean monthly weather dat
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68 G.R. Hanks (as well as natural e
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70 G.R. Hanks compaction and its ef
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72 G.R. Hanks bulbs with base rot)
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74 G.R. Hanks Figure 4.3 Modern fro
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76 G.R. Hanks caution. Higher rates
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78 G.R. Hanks can also be prevented
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80 G.R. Hanks Figure 4.4 A typical
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82 G.R. Hanks Planting date The pra
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84 G.R. Hanks Hanks and Jones, 1986
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86 G.R. Hanks On sloping sites, gro
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88 G.R. Hanks Insecticide and nemat
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90 G.R. Hanks bulb growth, especial
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92 G.R. Hanks Figure 4.7 Changes in
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94 G.R. Hanks methods have been tes
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96 G.R. Hanks the boxes, exiting at
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98 G.R. Hanks usually collected in
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100 G.R. Hanks respond to ethylene
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102 G.R. Hanks using thiabendazole
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104 G.R. Hanks required for the eff
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106 G.R. Hanks and cross-cutting, s
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108 G.R. Hanks In practice, moulds
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110 G.R. Hanks that, with enterpris
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112 G.R. Hanks Balatková, V., Tupy
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114 G.R. Hanks (Narcissus pseudonar
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116 G.R. Hanks Flint, G.J. (1983) E
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118 G.R. Hanks Hanks, G.R. and Rees
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120 G.R. Hanks Khatib, K. al (1996)
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122 G.R. Hanks Luyten, I. (1935) Ve
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124 G.R. Hanks O’Neill, T.M., Man
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126 G.R. Hanks Ruamrungsri, S., Rua
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128 G.R. Hanks Thompson, P.A. (1977
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130 G.R. Hanks Williams, M. (1996)
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132 J.B. Briggs Table 5.1 Typical g
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134 J.B. Briggs Table 5.3 Actual gr
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136 J.B. Briggs Table 5.4 Actual co
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138 J.B. Briggs Table 5.5 Capital c
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140 J.B. Briggs ADAS (1987a) Narcis
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142 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat Fig
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Table 6.1 Narcissus alkaloid struct
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Table 6.1b Continued Alkaloid name
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Table 6.1d Tazettine type O O R1 R2
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Table 6.1f Continued MeO Alkaloid n
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Table 6.2 Continued Species* Alkalo
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162 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat Tab
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Table 6.3 Continued Alkaloid* Formu
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Table 6.3 Continued Alkaloid* Formu
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176 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat Tab
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178 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat Cri
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180 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat It
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184 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat is
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186 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat and
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Table 6.4 Continued Alkaloid Activi
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196 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat tac
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198 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat Ang
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200 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat Boi
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202 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat lyc
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204 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat Fug
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206 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat Han
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208 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat Kin
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210 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat of
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212 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat Sp
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214 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat Wil
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216 C. Codina and, consequently, hi
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218 C. Codina easily lost on transf
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220 C. Codina they might be more su
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222 C. Codina µ g/g FW µ g/g FW 3
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224 C. Codina Kinetin As observed i
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226 C. Codina Table 7.3 Total produ
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228 C. Codina Accumulation of alkal
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230 C. Codina Accumulation of alkal
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232 C. Codina Effect on growth and
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234 C. Codina mg/g DW mg/g DW 0.90
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236 C. Codina mg/g DW mg/g DW 1.4 1
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238 C. Codina mg/g DW mg/g DW 1.5 1
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240 C. Codina Hanks, G.R. and Jones
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8 Narcissus and other Amaryllidacea
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244 O.A. Cherkasov and O.N. Tolkach
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9 Studies on galanthamine extractio
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258 M. Kreh Table 9.1 Results of ga
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260 M. Kreh relation to the qualita
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262 M. Kreh Figure 9.3 Galanthamine
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264 M. Kreh 2.0 flower 2 1 3 4 0 10
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266 M. Kreh • High purity of the
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268 M. Kreh fraction of Narcissus
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H O MeO O MeO H H HO H (1) (3) + 2
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272 M. Kreh Gorinova, N.I., Atanass
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274 R.M. Moraes (Katz and Taneck, 1
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276 R.M. Moraes bulbs of many Narci
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278 R.M. Moraes Galanthamine conten
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280 R.M. Moraes Table 10.2 The effe
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282 R.M. Moraes years, a yield of 1
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284 R.M. Moraes Kosley, R.W., Jr.,
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11 Extraction and quantitative anal
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288 N.P.D. Nanayakkara and J.K. Bas
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Table 11.1 GC and HPLC procedures f
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Table 11.1 Continued References Det
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12 Synthesis of galanthamine and re
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306 V.N. Bulavka and O.N. Tolkachev
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13 Compounds from the genus Narciss
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334 D. Brown with neostigmine the a
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336 D. Brown Absorption Galanthamin
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338 D. Brown Metabolism and excreti
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340 D. Brown were internationally i
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342 D. Brown cortex and hippocampus
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344 D. Brown reasoned that the effi
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346 D. Brown Galanthamine causes br
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348 D. Brown (1994) go on to mentio
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350 D. Brown (Punto Toro and Rift V
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352 D. Brown Furusawa, E., Lum, M.K
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354 D. Brown Snorrason, E. and Stef
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356 D. Brown examination of a brain
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358 D. Brown A successful cholinerg
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Table 14.2 Summary of human trials
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362 D. Brown statistically signific
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364 D. Brown ( Jann, 1998); see Tab
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366 D. Brown REFERENCES Bartus, B.T
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368 D. Brown Wilcock, G.K., Scott,
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370 K. Ingkaninan, H. Irth and R. V
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16 Narcissus lectins Els J.M. Van D
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382 E.J.M. Van Damme and W.J. Peuma
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17 Narcissus in perfumery HISTORY C
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394 C. Remy Figure 17.2 Flower coll
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Figure 17.3 Narcissus flowers sprea
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398 C. Remy CONCLUSION The use of n
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400 C.G. Julian and P.W. Bowers Fig
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406 C.G. Julian and P.W. Bowers sym
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19 Review of pharmaceutical patents
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410 J.R. Murray to certain RNA viru
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412 J.R. Murray occurs in a two-pha
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414 J.R. Murray cognitive function
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416 J.R. Murray given at a time bet
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418 J.R. Murray Hofmannor, D., Mosc
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420 Index Backache, 403 Bacterial d
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422 Index Divisions (classification
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424 Index Leaf numbers, 11 Leaf sco
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426 Index Poet’s cultivars, 34 Po
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428 Index Subgenus (taxonomy); Ajax
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