Narcissus and Daffodil

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Production of galanthamine in vitro 241 differentiation and the content of galanthamine and related alkaloids. Plant Cell Reports, 18, 646–651. Simko, I. (1994) Effect of paclobutrazol on in vitro formation of potato microtubers and their sprouting after storage. Biologia Plantarum, 36, 15–20. Steinitz, B. and Lilien-Kipnis, H. (1989) Control of precocious Gladiolus corm and cormel formation in tissue culture. Plant Physiology, 135, 495–500. Steinitz, B., Cohen, A., Goldberg, Z. and Kochba, M. (1991) Precocious gladiolus corm formation in liquid shake culture. Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture, 26, 63–70. Taeb, A.G. and Alderson, P.G. (1990) Effect of low temperature and sucrose on bulb development and on the carbohydrate status of bulbing shoots of tulip in vitro. Journal of Horticultural Science, 65, 193–197. Takayama, S. and Misawa, M. (1979) Differentiation in Lilium bulbscales grown in vitro. Effect of various cultural conditions. Physiologia Plantarum, 46, 184–190. Thomsen, T., Bickel, U., Fischer, J.P. and Kewitz, H. (1990) Galanthamine hydrobromide in a long-term treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. Dementia, 1, 46–51. Yoshida, K., Hayashi, T. and Sano, K. (1988) Colchicine precursors and the formation of alkaloids in suspension-cultured Colchicum autumnale. Phytochemistry, 27, 1375–1378. Ziv, M. (1992) The use of growth retardants for the regulation and acclimatization of in vitro plants. In: C.M. Karssen, L.C. van Loon and D. Vrfeugdenhil (eds.), Progress in Plant Growth Regulation, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Amsterdam, pp. 809–813.
8 Narcissus and other Amaryllidaceae as sources of galanthamine O.A. Cherkasov and O.N. Tolkachev INTRODUCTION The Amaryllidaceae family contains 65 genera and over 860 species. Amaryllidaceae species are widely distributed in the tropical, sub-tropical and temperate zones of both hemispheres, and a vast diversity of species is characteristic of the flora of the South African Cape region, South and Central America and the Mediterranean coasts. They possess highly decorative characteristics, and have been used from ancient times in floriculture and medicine (Artyushenko, 1970; Khamidkhodzhaev, 1984). Amaryllid plants are very important as ornamentals. They are popular for growing in parks and gardens, as farm crops and as indoor and greenhouse plants for winter and spring colour (Artyushenko, 1963; Tsytsin, 1960; Petrov, 1975). All Amaryllidaceae are rich in alkaloids, the principal biologically active components of plant extracts. Today over 200 alkaloids have been isolated from plants of this family. Incidents of animals being poisoned by Amaryllidaceae, due to the alkaloids contained, have been recorded in the literature: poisonous examples include Galanthus and Leucojum species (Gusynin, 1955). The presence of alkaloids in plants is believed to be a protective adaptation, which in Amaryllidaceae is connected with the seasonal cycle of development, many species growing in early spring when other genera are only just starting to grow. Amaryllidaceae have attracted the attention of scientists as the sources of novel compounds, including potentially valuable alkaloids of medicinal importance. The chemistry of Amaryllidaceae alkaloids has been reviewed in several reviews and monographs (Cook and Loudon, 1952; Cherkasov, 1977; Döpke, 1976, 1978; Wildman, 1960, 1968; Fuganti, 1975; Grundon, 1984, 1985, 1987; Jeffs, 1990; Lewis, 1990, 1997; Medvedeva et al., 1994; Abduazimov, 1993; Polt, 1996; Ruan, 1988; Yunusov, 1981). The absolute configuration and ring conformation of (–)-galanthamine have recently been determined by crystallographic methods (Peeters et al., 1997). Galanthamine (Figure 8.1), also known as Galanthin and Nivaline Jilkon (Negwer, 1978), is the most important pharmaceutically active compound among the Amaryllidaceae alkaloids, and it is used in medicine as the hydrobromide. It is an anticholinesterase agent of low toxicity used in medicine for the treatment of myasthenia, myopathy, neuritis, residual phenomena after poliomyelitis anterior acuta (infantile paralysis), psychogenic ‘spinal impotence’, spastic pareses and progressive muscular dystrophy, and as the antagonist of muscular relaxants in
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Narcissus and Daffodil
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Narcissus and Daffodil The genus Na
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Contents Preface to the series vii
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Preface to the series There is incr
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Preface My interest in flower-bulb
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Acknowledgements I would like to th
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Gordon R. Hanks Crop and Weed Scien
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Figures 1.1 The effect of bulb stor
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Figures/Plates xvii 7.8 Accumulatio
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Figures/Plates of different segment
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2 G.R. Hanks Information about the
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4 G.R. Hanks (1999), and the polysa
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3 2 4 1 1 3 2 4 5 Flowering in 1976
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8 G.R. Hanks Figure 1.6 Diagrammati
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10 G.R. Hanks (Rees, 1969). When fl
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12 G.R. Hanks Figure 1.8 The relati
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14 G.R. Hanks root system of commer
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16 G.R. Hanks Cremer, M.C., Beijer,
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18 G.R. Hanks Roh, S.M. and Lee, J.
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20 A.C. Dweck Figure 2.1 The narcis
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22 A.C. Dweck Julians Hertfordshire
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24 A.C. Dweck Herefordshire, if daf
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26 A.C. Dweck the basis of an ancie
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28 A.C. Dweck Britten, J. and Holla
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3 Classification of the genus Narci
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(1) (2) (3)
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34 B. Mathew d. Section Jonquillae
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36 B. Mathew N. cyclamineus DC. Flo
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38 B. Mathew 1c. Section Ganymedes
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40 B. Mathew umbel, fragrant; peria
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42 B. Mathew recognition whatsoever
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44 B. Mathew Note: N. elegans shows
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46 B. Mathew ssp. praecox Gatt. and
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(1) (2) (3) (4)
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50 B. Mathew Table 3.1 Horticultura
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52 B. Mathew RHS (1958) The Classif
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54 G.R. Hanks grown for galanthamin
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56 G.R. Hanks such as drying stores
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Table 4.4 Areas of Narcissus cultiv
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60 G.R. Hanks Following planting in
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62 G.R. Hanks lost, resulting in th
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64 G.R. Hanks pathogen-tested nucle
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Figure 4.1 Mean monthly weather dat
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68 G.R. Hanks (as well as natural e
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70 G.R. Hanks compaction and its ef
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72 G.R. Hanks bulbs with base rot)
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74 G.R. Hanks Figure 4.3 Modern fro
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76 G.R. Hanks caution. Higher rates
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78 G.R. Hanks can also be prevented
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80 G.R. Hanks Figure 4.4 A typical
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82 G.R. Hanks Planting date The pra
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84 G.R. Hanks Hanks and Jones, 1986
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86 G.R. Hanks On sloping sites, gro
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88 G.R. Hanks Insecticide and nemat
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90 G.R. Hanks bulb growth, especial
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92 G.R. Hanks Figure 4.7 Changes in
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94 G.R. Hanks methods have been tes
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96 G.R. Hanks the boxes, exiting at
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98 G.R. Hanks usually collected in
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100 G.R. Hanks respond to ethylene
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102 G.R. Hanks using thiabendazole
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104 G.R. Hanks required for the eff
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106 G.R. Hanks and cross-cutting, s
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108 G.R. Hanks In practice, moulds
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110 G.R. Hanks that, with enterpris
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112 G.R. Hanks Balatková, V., Tupy
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114 G.R. Hanks (Narcissus pseudonar
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116 G.R. Hanks Flint, G.J. (1983) E
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118 G.R. Hanks Hanks, G.R. and Rees
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120 G.R. Hanks Khatib, K. al (1996)
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122 G.R. Hanks Luyten, I. (1935) Ve
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124 G.R. Hanks O’Neill, T.M., Man
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126 G.R. Hanks Ruamrungsri, S., Rua
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128 G.R. Hanks Thompson, P.A. (1977
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130 G.R. Hanks Williams, M. (1996)
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132 J.B. Briggs Table 5.1 Typical g
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134 J.B. Briggs Table 5.3 Actual gr
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136 J.B. Briggs Table 5.4 Actual co
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138 J.B. Briggs Table 5.5 Capital c
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140 J.B. Briggs ADAS (1987a) Narcis
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142 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat Fig
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Table 6.1 Narcissus alkaloid struct
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Table 6.1b Continued Alkaloid name
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Table 6.1d Tazettine type O O R1 R2
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Table 6.1f Continued MeO Alkaloid n
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Table 6.2 Continued Species* Alkalo
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162 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat Tab
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Table 6.3 Continued Alkaloid* Formu
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Table 6.3 Continued Alkaloid* Formu
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176 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat Tab
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178 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat Cri
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180 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat It
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184 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat is
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186 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat and
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Table 6.4 Continued Alkaloid Activi
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Page 265 and 266: 244 O.A. Cherkasov and O.N. Tolkach
Page 277 and 278: 9 Studies on galanthamine extractio
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Page 307 and 308: 11 Extraction and quantitative anal
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292 N.P.D. Nanayakkara and J.K. Bas
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Table 11.1 GC and HPLC procedures f
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Table 11.1 Continued References Det
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12 Synthesis of galanthamine and re
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306 V.N. Bulavka and O.N. Tolkachev
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13 Compounds from the genus Narciss
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334 D. Brown with neostigmine the a
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336 D. Brown Absorption Galanthamin
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338 D. Brown Metabolism and excreti
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340 D. Brown were internationally i
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342 D. Brown cortex and hippocampus
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344 D. Brown reasoned that the effi
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346 D. Brown Galanthamine causes br
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348 D. Brown (1994) go on to mentio
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350 D. Brown (Punto Toro and Rift V
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352 D. Brown Furusawa, E., Lum, M.K
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354 D. Brown Snorrason, E. and Stef
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356 D. Brown examination of a brain
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358 D. Brown A successful cholinerg
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Table 14.2 Summary of human trials
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362 D. Brown statistically signific
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364 D. Brown ( Jann, 1998); see Tab
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366 D. Brown REFERENCES Bartus, B.T
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368 D. Brown Wilcock, G.K., Scott,
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370 K. Ingkaninan, H. Irth and R. V
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16 Narcissus lectins Els J.M. Van D
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382 E.J.M. Van Damme and W.J. Peuma
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17 Narcissus in perfumery HISTORY C
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394 C. Remy Figure 17.2 Flower coll
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Figure 17.3 Narcissus flowers sprea
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398 C. Remy CONCLUSION The use of n
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400 C.G. Julian and P.W. Bowers Fig
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406 C.G. Julian and P.W. Bowers sym
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19 Review of pharmaceutical patents
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410 J.R. Murray to certain RNA viru
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412 J.R. Murray occurs in a two-pha
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414 J.R. Murray cognitive function
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416 J.R. Murray given at a time bet
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418 J.R. Murray Hofmannor, D., Mosc
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420 Index Backache, 403 Bacterial d
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422 Index Divisions (classification
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424 Index Leaf numbers, 11 Leaf sco
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426 Index Poet’s cultivars, 34 Po
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428 Index Subgenus (taxonomy); Ajax
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